Platelets and Their Factors PDF
Preview Platelets and Their Factors
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 126 Editorial Board G.V.R.Born,London P. Cuatrecasas, Ann Arbor, MI D. Ganten, Berlin H. Herken, Berlin K.L. Melmon, Stanford, CA Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo Platelets and Their Factors Contributors K.S. Authi, Y. Banno, E.M. Bevers, A.S. Brown, E. Butt F. Catella-Lawson, J.-P. Cazenave, J.D. Chang, K.J. Clemetson P.G. de Groot, Y. Denizot, T.F. Deuel, J.D. Erusalimsky G.A. FitzGerald, M.M. Frojmovic, M.H. Fukami, C. Gachet P.V. Halushka, D. Handley, R. Heller, M. Hirata, H. Holmsen D. Koesling, J.F. Martin, M.L. Martin, E.A. Martinson L.M. McManus, H. Miszta-Lane, E. Morgenstern, S. Nakashima S. Narumiya, Y. Nozawa, B. Ntirnberg, H. Patscheke, S. Pawate R.N. Pinckard, J. Polgar, P. Presek, M.W. Radomski M. Rodrigues, G. Rudnick, A. Ruf, E. Salas, B. Schwippert W. Siess, H. Sinzinger, J.J. Sixma, D. Tschoepe, F. Ushikubi G.H. van Zanten, F. von Bruchhausen, U. Walter, J.A. Ware S.P. Watson, S.T. Weintraub, D.S. Woodard Editors F. von Bruchhausen and U. Walter Springer Professor Dr. FRANZ VON BRUCHHAUSEN Institut fUr Pharmakologie Freie Universitat Berlin Thielallee 69-73 14195 Berlin Germany Professor Dr. med. ULRICH WALTER Medinzinische Universitatsklinik Institut fur Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie losef-Schneider-Str. 2 97080 Wurzburg Germany With 89 Figures and 39 Tables ISBN-13 :978-3-642-64488-7 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-60639-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60639-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Platelets and their factors/contributors. Authi, K.S .... let al.]: editors, F. von Bruchhausen and U. Walter. p. em. - (Handbook of experimental pharmacology; v. 126) Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Blood platelets. . 2. Blood platelets - Receptors. 3. Blood platelet disorders. 4. Platelet activating factor. 5. Cellular signal transduction. I. Authi, Kalwant S. II. Bruehhausen, F. von (Franz von), 1929- III. Walter, U. (Ulrich), 1949- . IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Blood Platelets. WI HA51L v. 126 I997/WH 300 P7179 1997] QP905.H3 vol. 126 [QP97] 615'.1 s - dc21 [612.1'17] DNLM/DLC 96-39635 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use rnust always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the Gerrnan Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any inforrnation about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: Design & Production GmbH, Heidelberg Typesetting: Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong SPIN: 10501668 27/3136/SPS - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface Platelets playa fundamental, life-saving role in hemostasis and blood clotting at sites of vascular injury. Unwanted platelet activation and arterial thombus formation are, however, implicated in the onset of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Acceptance that platelets play a major role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis including coronary heart disease has revolutionized the pharmacological treatment of cardiovascular diseases, and aspirin is now an essential antiplatelet drug and the golden standard for future developments. Yet the search for better and perhaps safer antiplatelet drugs is one of the most active areas of investigation in both basic and clinical research. Platelets, especially human platelets, have also emerged as one of the major models for the study of inter- and intracellular signal transduction pathways. Many biochemists, cell biologists, pharmacologists, pathologists, hematologists, and cardiologists find platelets useful for studying processes such as adhesion, inside-out and outside-in signalling through the plasma membrane, channels, calcium homeostasis, protein kinases, the network of intracellular signal transduction cascades, and the release of vasoactive substances. The aim of the editors has been to compile chapters summarizing the current state-of-the-art information on the biochemistry, cell biology, pharmacology, and physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of human platelets. We hope that this volume represents the major aspects of current platelet research although it is perhaps inevitable that certain areas are covered less thoroughly than others. We would like to acknowledge the excellent help and support of the Springer-Verlag staff, in particular that of Ms. Doris Walker. Finally, we would like to thank our colleagues, the authors of this volume, for their expert contributions and scholarship. Hopefully, this volume will become a valuable source of information for all students and investigators of platelets and their fascinating physiological and pathophysiologial roles. January 1997 F. VON BRUCHHAUSEN U. WALTER List of Contributors AUTHI, K.S., Platelet Section, Thrombosis Research Institute, Emanuel Kaye Building, Manresa Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6LR, Great Britain BANNO, Y., Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan BEVERS, E.M., Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Research School University of Limburg, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands BROWN, A.S., Department of Cardiology, King's College Hospital/Denmark Hill, South London SE5 9RS, Great Britain BUTT, E., Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Institut fUr Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wiirzburg, Germany CATELLA-LAWSON, F., University of Pennsylvania Health System, School of Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Stellar-Chance Labora tories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA CAZENAVE, J.-P., Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine de Strasbourg, 10 rue Spielmann, B.P. No. 36,67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France CHANG, J.D., Harvard-Thorndike Laboratories of the Cardiovascular Divi sion, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA CLEMETSON, K.J., Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestr. 1, 3012 Berne, Switzerland DE GROOT, P.G., Department of Haematology, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands DENIZOT, Y., Laboratoire d'Hematologie Experimentale, Faculte de Medecine, 2 rue Dr. Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France DEUEL, T.F., Department of Internal Medicine, Jewish Hospital at Washington University, 216 So. Kingshighway Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110-1092, USA VIII List of Contributors ERUSALIMSKY, J.D., The Cruciform Project, University College London, 140 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9LN, Great Britain FITZGERALD, G.A., University of Pennsylvania Health System, School of Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Stellar-Chance Labora tories, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6100, USA FROJMOVIC, M.M., Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Physiology Department, McIntyre Medical Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada FUKAMI, M.H., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Univer sity of Bergen, Arstadveien 19,5009 Bergen, Norway GACHET, c., Etablissement de Transfusion Sanguine de Strasbourg, 10 rue Spielmann, B.P. No. 36,67065 Strasbourg Cedex, France HALUSHKA, P.V., Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA HANDLEY, D., Pharmaceuticals, Sepracor, Inc., 111 Locke Drive, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA HELLER, R., Klinikum der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Zentrum fUr Vaskulare Biologie und Medizin, Bereich Erfurt, Institut fUr Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Nordhiiuser Str. 78, 99089 Erfurt, Germany HIRATA, M., Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan HOLMSEN, H., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Arstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway KOESLING, D., Institut fUr Pharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Thielallee 69-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany MARTIN, J.F., The Cruciform Project, University College London, 140 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9LN, Great Britain MARTIN, M.L., Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacol ogy, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA MARTINSON, E.A., Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut fUr Pharmakologie, Justus Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 107,35392 Giessen, Germany McMANUS, L.M., Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7750, USA MISZTA-LANE, H., Departments of Pharmacology and Obstetrics, University of Alberta, 950 Medical Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7 List of Contributors IX MORGENSTERN, E., Fachrichtung 3.5: Medizinische Biologie, Fachbereich Theoretische Medizin, Universitat des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany NAKASHIMA, S., Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medi cine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan NARUMIYA, S., Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan NOZAWA, Y., Department of Biochemistry, Gifu University School of Medi cine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan NURNBERG, B., Institut flir Pharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Thielallee 69-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany PATSCHEKE, H., Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Academic Hospital of the University of Freiburg, P.O. Box 6280, 76042 Karlsruhe, Germany PAWATE, S., Department of Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC 29425, USA PINCKARD, R.N., Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7750, USA POLGAR, J., Theoder Kocher Institute, University of Berne, Freiestr. 1, 3012 Berne, Switzerland PRESEK, P., Rudolf-Buchheim-Institut flir Pharmakologie, Justus-Liebig Universitat Giessen, Frankfurter Str. 107,35392 Giessen, Germany RADOMSKI, M.W., Departments of Pharmacology and Obstetrics, University of Alberta, 950 Medical Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7 RODRIGUES, M., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vienna University Hospi tal, Wahringer Giirtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria RUDNICK, G., Department of Pharmacology, Yale University of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510-8066, USA RUF, A., Institute for Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Academic Hospital of the University of Freiburg, P.O. Box 6280, 76042 Karlsruhe, Germany SALAS, E., Departments of Pharmacology and Obstetrics, University of Alberta, 950 Medical Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G2H7 x List of Contributors SCHWIPPERT, B., Cellular Haemostasis and Clinical Angiology Group, Diabe tes Research Institute at the Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany SIESS, W., Institut fur Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten, UniversiUit Munchen, Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munchen, Germany SINZINGER, H., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Vienna University Hospital, Wiihringer Gurtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria SIXMA, J.J., Department of Haematology, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands TscHoEPE, D., Cellular Haemostasis and Clinical Angiology Group, Diabetes Research Institute at the Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65,40225 Dusseldorf, Germany USHIKUBI, F., Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan VAN ZANTEN, G.H., Department of Haematology, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands VON BRUCHHAUSEN, F., Institut fOr Pharmakologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Thielallee 69173, 14195 Berlin, Germany WALTER, U., Medizinische Universitatsklinik, Institut fiir Klinische Biochemie und Pathobiochemie, losef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany WARE, J.A., Harvard-Thorndike Laboratories of the Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline A venue, Boston, MA 02215, USA WATSON, S.P., Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 30T, Great Britain WEINTRAUB, S.T., Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284- 7760, USA WOODARD, D.S., Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7750, USA Contents Section I: Platelet Development, Morphology and Physiology CHAPTER 1 Megakaryocytopoiesis: The Megakaryocyte/Platelet Haemostatic Axis A.S. BROWN, J.D. ERUSALIMSKY, and J.F. MARTIN. With 1 Figure. . . . . 3 A. Introduction .............................................. 3 B. Megakaryocyte Anatomy ................................... 4 I. Structure ............................................. 4 II. Site of Platelet Production .............................. 4 III. Ploidy ................................................ 7 C. Megakaryocytopoiesis and Thrombopoiesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 I. Perturbations of the Steady State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 II. Megakaryocyte Progenitor Cells ......................... 9 III. Megakaryocyte Growth Factors ......................... 9 IV. Thrombopoietin/cMpl Ligand ........................... 13 V. Negative Regulation of Megakaryocytopoiesis ............. 15 D. Signal Transduction Events and Mechanisms of Polyploidisation. . 16 I. Involvement of Protein Kinase C in Megakaryocyte Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 II. Induction of Tyrosine Phosphorylation by TPO ............ 16 III. Cell Cycle Control and Polyploidisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 E. Megakaryocytes in Atherosclerosis .......................... 17 F. Conclusion ............................................... 19 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 CHAPTER 2 Human Platelet MorphologylUltrastructure E. MORGENSTERN. With 16 Figures .............................. 27 A. General Morphology: Shape and Properties of Platelets ........ 27 B. Electron-Microscopic Techniques ........................... 29
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