Table Of Content

Plastic Surgery THIRD EDITION Volume Two Aesthetic ExpertConsult.com For additional online content visit expertconsult.com Content Strategists: Sue Hodgson, Belinda Kuhn Content Development Specialists: Alexandra Mortimer, Louise Cook, Poppy Garraway Content Coordinators: Emma Cole, Trinity Hutton, Sam Crowe Project Managers: Caroline Jones, Cheryl Brant Design: Stewart Larking, Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Illustrator: Antbits Marketing Manager: Helena Mutak Technical Copyeditors: Darren Smith, Colin Woon Video Reviewers: Leigh Jansen, James Saunders Artwork Reviewer: Priya Chadha Plastic Surgery THIRD EDITION Volume Two Aesthetic Editor in Chief: Peter C. Neligan MB, FRCS(I), FRCSC, FACS Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA Volume Editor: Video Editor: Richard J. Warren Allen L. Van Beek MD, FRCSC MD, FACS Clinical Professor Adjunct Professor Division of Plastic Surgery University Minnesota School of Medicine University of British Columbia Division Plastic Surgery Vancouver, BC, Canada Minneapolis, MN, USA London, New York, Oxford, St Louis, Sydney, Toronto SAUNDERS an imprint of Elsevier Inc © 2013, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. First edition 1990 Second edition 2006 Third edition 2013 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www. elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). The following authors retain copyright of the following content: All photographs in Volume 2, Chapter 3 Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) © Michael A. C. Kane. Volume 2, Video clip 8.01 Periorbital Rejuvenation © Julius Few Jr. Volume 2, Video clip 11.07.01 The High SMAS Technique with Septal Reset © Fritz E. Barton Jr. Volume 2, Video clip 15.01 Skeletal augmentation © Michael J. Yaremchuk. Volume 2, Video clip 30.01 Post Bariatric Reconstruction-Bodylift © J. Peter Rubin Volume 5, Video clip 23.1.01 Congenital anomalies of the breast: An Example of Tuberous Breast Type 1 Corrected with Glandular Flap Type 1 © Mr. Nicodemo Magiulli All photographs in Volume 6, Chapter 6 Nail and fingertip reconstruction © Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluat- ing and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Volume 2 ISBN: 978-1-4557-1053-9 Volume 2 Ebook ISBN: 978-1-4557-4049-9 Volume set ISBN: 978-1-4377-1733-4 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Foreword by Joseph G. McCarthy xvi 17 Skin graft 319 Preface to the Third Edition xvii Saja S. Scherer-Pietramaggiori, Giorgio Pietramaggiori, List of Contributors xviii and Dennis P. Orgill Acknowledgments xl 18 Tissue graft, tissue repair, and regeneration 339 Dedication xli Wei Liu and Yilin Cao 19 Tissue engineering 367 Andrea J. O’Connor and Wayne A. Morrison Volume One: Principles 20 Repair, grafting, and engineering of cartilage 397 Geoffrey C. Gurtner Wei Liu and Yilin Cao 1 Plastic surgery and innovation in medicine 1 21 Repair and grafting of bone 425 Peter C. Neligan Iris A. Seitz, Chad M. Teven, and Russell R. Reid 2 History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery 11 22 Repair and grafting of peripheral nerve 464 Riccardo F. Mazzola and Isabella C. Mazzola Renata V. Weber, Kirsty U. Boyd, and Susan E. Mackinnon 3 Psychological aspects of plastic surgery 30 Laurie A. Stevens and Mary H. McGrath 23 Vascular territories 479 Steven F. Morris and G. Ian Taylor 4 The role of ethics in plastic surgery 55 Phillip C. Haeck 24 Flap classification and applications 512 Scott L. Hansen, David M. Young, Patrick Lang, 5 Business principles for plastic surgeons 64 and Hani Sbitany C. Scott Hultman 25 Flap pathophysiology and pharmacology 573 6 Medico-legal issues in plastic surgery 92 Cho Y. Pang and Peter C. Neligan Neal R. Reisman 26 Principles and techniques of microvascular 7 Photography in plastic surgery 104 surgery 587 Brian M. Kinney Fu-Chan Wei and Sherilyn Keng Lin Tay 8 Patient safety in plastic surgery 124 27 Principles and applications of tissue Bruce Halperin expansion 622 9 Local anesthetics in plastic surgery 137 Malcolm W. Marks and Louis C. Argenta A. Aldo Mottura 28 Therapeutic radiation: Principles, effects, 10 Evidence-based medicine and health services and complications 654 research in plastic surgery 150 Gabrielle M. Kane Carolyn L. Kerrigan, E. Dale Collins Vidal, Andrea L. Pusic, Amy K. Alderman, and 29 Vascular anomalies 676 Valerie Lemaine Arin K. Greene and John B. Mulliken 11 Genetics and prenatal diagnosis 176 30 Benign and malignant nonmelanocytic Daniel Nowinski, Elizabeth Kiwanuka, Florian Hackl, tumors of the skin and soft tissue 707 Bohdan Pomahac, and Elof Eriksson Rei Ogawa 12 Principles of cancer management 201 31 Melanoma 743 Tomer Avraham, Evan Matros, and Babak J. Mehrara Stephan Ariyan and Aaron Berger 13 Stem cells and regenerative medicine 212 32 Implants and biomaterials 786 Benjamin Levi, Derrick C. Wan, Victor W. Wong, Charles E. Butler and Timothy W. King Geoffrey C. Gurtner, and Michael T. Longaker 33 Facial prosthetics in plastic surgery 798 14 Wound healing 240 Gordon H. Wilkes, Mohammed M. Al Kahtani, and Chandan K. Sen and Sashwati Roy Johan F. Wolfaardt 15 Skin wound healing: Repair biology, wound, 34 Transplantation in plastic surgery 814 and scar treatment 267 David W. Mathes, Peter E. M. Butler, and Ursula Mirastschijski, Andreas Jokuszies, and W. P. Andrew Lee Peter M. Vogt 35 Technology innovation in plastic surgery: 16 Scar prevention, treatment, and revision 297 A practical guide for the surgeon innovator 841 Peter Lorenz and A. Sina Bari Leila Jazayeri and Geoffrey C. Gurtner vi Contents: Volume One to Volume Two 36 Robotics, simulation, and telemedicine in 12 Secondary deformities and the secondary plastic surgery 854 facelift 277 Joseph M. Rosen, Todd E. Burdette, Erin Donaldson, Timothy J. Marten and Dino Elyassnia Robyn Mosher, Lindsay B. Katona, and 13 Neck rejuvenation 313 Sarah A. Long James E. Zins, Colin Myles Morrison, and Claude-Jean Langevin 14 Structural fat grafting 327 Volume Two: Aesthetic Sydney R. Coleman and Alesia P. Saboeiro 15 Skeletal augmentation 339 Richard J. Warren Michael J. Yaremchuk 1 Managing the cosmetic patient 1 16 Anthropometry, cephalometry, and Michelle B. Locke and Foad Nahai orthognathic surgery 354 Section I: Aesthetic Surgery of the Face Daniel I. Taub, Jordan M.S. Jacobs, and Jonathan S. Jacobs 2 Nonsurgical skin care and rejuvenation 13 Leslie Baumann 17 Nasal analysis and anatomy 373 Joel E. Pessa and Rod J. Rohrich 3 Botulinum toxin (BoNT-A) 30 Michael A.C. Kane 18 Open technique rhinoplasty 387 Rod J. Rohrich and Jamil Ahmad 4 Soft-tissue fillers 44 Trevor M. Born, Lisa E. Airan, and Dimitrios Motakis 19 Closed technique rhinoplasty 413 Mark B. Constantian 5 Facial skin resurfacing 60 Steven R. Cohen, Ryan C. Frank, and E. Victor Ross 20 Airway issues and the deviated nose 450 Bahman Guyuron and Bryan S. Armijo 6 Anatomy of the aging face 78 Bryan Mendelson and Chin-Ho Wong 21 Secondary rhinoplasty 466 Ronald P. Gruber, Simeon H. Wall Jr., 7 Forehead rejuvenation 93 David L. Kaufman, and David M. Kahn Richard J. Warren 22 Otoplasty 485 8 Blepharoplasty 108 Charles H. Thorne Julius Few Jr. and Marco Ellis 23 Hair restoration 494 9 Secondary blepharoplasty: Techniques 138 Jack Fisher Glenn W. Jelks, Elizabeth B. Jelks, Ernest S. Chiu, and Douglas S. Steinbrech Section II: General Aesthetic Surgery 10 Asian facial cosmetic surgery 163 24 Liposuction: A comprehensive review of Kyung S. Koh, Jong Woo Choi, and Clyde H. Ishii techniques and safety 507 Jeffrey M. Kenkel and Phillip J. Stephan 11.1 Facelift: Principles 184 Richard J. Warren 25 Abdominoplasty procedures 530 Dirk F. Richter and Alexander Stoff 11.2 Facelift: Introduction to deep tissue techniques 208 26 Lipoabdominoplasty 559 Richard J. Warren Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha, Sérgio Fernando Dantas de Azevedo, 11.3 Facelift: Platysma-SMAS plication 216 Osvaldo Ribeiro Saldanha Filho, Dai M. Davies and Miles G. Berry Cristianna Bonneto Saldanha, and 11.4 Facelift: Facial rejuvenation with loop sutures, Luis Humberto Uribe Morelli the MACS lift and its derivatives 223 27 Lower bodylifts 568 Mark Laurence Jewell Al Aly, Khalid Al-Zahrani, and Albert Cram 11.5 Facelift: Lateral SMASectomy 232 28 Buttock augmentation 599 Daniel C. Baker Terrence W. Bruner, José Abel de la Peña Salcedo, 11.6 Facelift: The extended SMAS technique in Constantino G. Mendieta, and Thomas L. Roberts III facial rejuvenation 238 29 Upper limb contouring 617 James M. Stuzin Joseph F. Capella, Matthew J. Trovato, and 11.7 Facelift: SMAS with skin attached – the Scott Woehrle “high SMAS” technique 257 30 Post-bariatric reconstruction 634 Fritz E. Barton Jr. Jonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin 11.8 Facelift: Subperiosteal facelift 266 31 Aesthetic genital surgery 655 Oscar M. Ramirez Gary J. Alter Contents vii 19 Secondary facial reconstruction 461 Volume Three: Craniofacial, Head and Neck Julian J. Pribaz and Rodney K. Chan Surgery and Pediatric Plastic Surgery 20 Facial transplant 473 Laurent Lantieri Part 1: Craniofacial, head and neck surgery: Eduardo D. Rodriguez 21 Surgical management of migraine headaches 491 1 Anatomy of the head and neck 3 Bahman Guyuron and Ali Totonchi Ahmed M. Afifi and Risal Djohan Part 2: Pediatric plastic surgery: Joseph E. Losee Section I: Craniofacial Trauma 2 Facial trauma: Soft tissue injuries 23 Section I: Clefts Reid V. Mueller 22 Embryology of the craniofacial complex 503 3 Facial fractures 49 Maryam Afshar, Samantha A. Brugmann, Eduardo D. Rodriguez, Amir H. Dorafshar, and Jill A. Helms and Paul N. Manson 23 Repair of unilateral cleft lip 517 4 TMJ dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea 89 Philip Kuo-Ting Chen, M. Samuel Noordhoff, Stephen A. Schendel and Brinda Thimmappa and Alex Kane Section II: Head and Neck Reconstruction 24 Repair of bilateral cleft lip 550 John B. Mulliken 5 Scalp and forehead reconstruction 105 Mark D. Wells and Carla Skytta 25 Cleft palate 569 William Y. Hoffman 6 Aesthetic nasal reconstruction 134 Frederick J. Menick 26 Alveolar clefts 584 Richard A. Hopper 7 Reconstruction of the ear 187 27 Orthodontics in cleft lip and palate Burton D. Brent management 595 8 Acquired cranial and facial bone deformities 226 Alvaro A. Figueroa and John W. Polley Renee M. Burke, Robert J. Morin, and S. Anthony Wolfe 28 Velopharyngeal dysfunction 614 Richard E. Kirschner and Adriane L. Baylis 9 Midface reconstruction 243 Constance M. Chen, Joseph J. Disa, 29 Secondary deformities of the cleft lip, nose, and Peter G. Cordeiro and palate 631 Evan M. Feldman, John C. Koshy, Larry H. Hollier Jr., 10 Cheek and lip reconstruction 254 and Samuel Stal Peter C. Neligan 30 Cleft and craniofacial orthognathic surgery 655 11 Facial paralysis 278 Jesse A. Goldstein and Steven B. Baker Ronald M. Zuker, Eyal Gur, Gazi Hussain, and Ralph T. Manktelow Section II: Craniofacial 12 Oral cavity, tongue, and mandibular 31 Pediatric facial fractures 671 reconstructions 307 Joseph E. Losee and Darren M. Smith Ming-Huei Cheng and Jung-Ju Huang 32 Orbital hypertelorism 686 13 Hypopharyngeal, esophageal, and neck Eric Arnaud, Daniel Marchac, Federico Di Rocco, and Dominique Renier reconstruction 336 Peirong Yu 33 Craniofacial clefts 701 James P. Bradley and Henry K. Kawamoto Jr. 14 Salivary gland tumors 360 Stephan Ariyan, Deepak Narayan, and 34 Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis 726 Charlotte E. Ariyan Derek M. Steinbacher and Scott P. Bartlett 15 Tumors of the facial skeleton: Fibrous 35 Syndromic craniosynostosis 749 dysplasia 380 Jeffrey A. Fearon You-Wei Cheong and Yu-Ray Chen 36 Craniofacial microsomia 761 16 Tumors of the lips, oral cavity, oropharynx, Joseph G. McCarthy, Barry H. Grayson, and mandible 398 Richard A. Hopper, and Oren M. Tepper John Joseph Coleman III and Anthony P. Tufaro 37 Hemifacial atrophy 792 17 Carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract 420 Peter J. Taub, Lester Silver, and Kathryn S.Torok Michael E. Kupferman, Justin M. Sacks, 38 Pierre Robin sequence 803 and Edward I. Chang Christopher G. Zochowski and Arun K. Gosain 18 Local flaps for facial coverage 440 39 Treacher–Collins syndrome 828 Ian T. Jackson Fernando Molina viii Contents: Volume Three to Volume Five Section III: Pediatrics 14 Reconstruction of acquired vaginal defects 326 Laura Snell, Peter G. Cordeiro, and Andrea L. Pusic 40 Congenital melanocytic nevi 837 Bruce S. Bauer and Neta Adler 15 Surgery for gender identity disorder 336 Loren S. Schechter 41 Pediatric chest and trunk defects 855 Lawrence J. Gottlieb, Russell R. Reid, and 16 Pressure sores 352 Justine C. Lee Robert Kwon and Jeffrey E. Janis 42 Pediatric tumors 877 17 Perineal reconstruction 383 Sahil Kapur and Michael L. Bentz Hakim K. Said and Otway Louie 43 Conjoined twins 893 Section III: Burns Surgery Oksana Jackson, David W. Low and Don LaRossa 18 Acute management of burn/electrical injuries 393 44 Reconstruction of urogenital defects: Lars Steinstraesser and Sammy Al-Benna Congenital 906 19 Extremity burn reconstruction 435 Mohan S. Gundeti and Michael C. Large Lorenzo Borghese, Alessandro Masellis, and Michele Masellis 20 Cold and chemical injury to the upper Volume Four: Lower Extremity, Trunk extremity 456 and Burns Dennis S. Kao and John Hijjawi 21 Management of facial burns 468 David Song Robert J. Spence Section I: Lower Extremity Surgery 22 Reconstructive burn surgery 500 1 Comprehensive lower extremity anatomy 1 Matthew B. Klein Ginard I. Henry and Grant M. Kleiber 23 Management of patients with exfoliative 2 Management of lower extremity trauma 63 disorders, epidermolysis bullosa, and TEN 511 Shannon Colohan and Michel Saint-Cyr Abdullah E. Kattan, Robert C. Cartotto, and Joel S. Fish 3 Lymphatic reconstruction of the extremities 92 Ruediger G. H. Baumeister, David W. Chang, and Peter C. Neligan Volume Five: Breast 4 Lower extremity sarcoma reconstruction 101 James C. Grotting Goetz A.Giessler and Michael Sauerbier 1 Anatomy for plastic surgery of the breast 1 5 Reconstructive surgery: Lower extremity Jorge I. de la Torre and Michael R. Davis coverage 127 Section I: Cosmetic Surgery of the Breast Joon Pio Hong 2 Breast augmentation 13 6 Diagnosis and treatment of painful neuroma and G. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel of nerve compression in the lower extremity 151 A. Lee Dellon 3 Secondary breast augmentation 39 Mitchell H. Brown 7 Skeletal reconstruction 174 Stephen J. Kovach and L. Scott Levin 4 Current concepts in revisionary breast surgery 67 G. Patrick Maxwell and Allen Gabriel 8 Foot reconstruction 189 Mark W. Clemens, Lawrence B. Colen, 5 Endoscopic approaches to the breast 81 and Christopher E. Attinger Neil A. Fine and Clark F. Schierle Section II: Trunk Surgery 6 Iatrogenic disorders following breast surgery 97 Walter Peters 9 Comprehensive trunk anatomy 220 Michael A. Howard and Sara R. Dickie 7 Mastopexy 119 Kent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting 10 Reconstruction of the chest 239 David H. Song and Michelle C. Roughton 8.1 Reduction mammaplasty 152 Jack Fisher and Kent K. Higdon 11 Reconstruction of the soft tissues of the back 256 Gregory A. Dumanian 8.2 Inferior pedicle breast reduction 165 Jack Fisher 12 Abdominal wall reconstruction 279 Navin K. Singh, Marwan R. Khalifeh, 8.3 Superior or medial pedicle 177 and Jonathan Bank Frank Lista and Jamil Ahmad 13 Reconstruction of male genital defects 297 8.4 Short scar periareolar inferior pedicle reduction Stan Monstrey, Peter Ceulemans, Nathalie Roche, (SPAIR) mammaplasty 194 Philippe Houtmeyers, Nicolas Lumen, and Piet Hoebeke Dennis C. Hammond Contents ix 8.5 The L short-scar mammaplasty 206 Volume Six: Hand and Upper Extremity Armando Chiari Jr. 8.6 Periareolar technique with mesh support 216 James Chang Joao Carlos Sampaio Góes Introduction: Plastic surgery contributions 8.7 Sculpted pillar vertical reduction mammaplasty 228 to hand surgery xxxvii Kent K. Higdon and James C. Grotting James Chang 9 Revision surgery following breast reduction Section I: Introduction and Principles and mastopexy 242 1 Anatomy and biomechanics of the hand 1 Kenneth C. Shestak James Chang, Francisco Valero-Cuevas, Section II: Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast Vincent R. Hentz, and Robert A. Chase 10 Breast cancer: Diagnosis therapy and 2 Examination of the upper extremity 47 oncoplastic techniques 266 Ryosuke Kakinoki Elisabeth Beahm and Julie E. Lang 3 Diagnostic imaging of the hand and wrist 68 11 The oncoplastic approach to partial breast Alphonsus K. Chong and David M.K. Tan reconstruction 296 4 Anesthesia for upper extremity surgery 92 Albert Losken Jonay Hill, Vanila M. Singh and Subhro K. Sen 12 Patient-centered health communication 314 5 Principles of internal fixation as applied to Gary L. Freed, Alice Andrews, and E. Dale Collins Vidal the hand and wrist 106 13 Imaging in reconstructive breast surgery 326 Jeffrey Yao and Christopher Cox Jaume Masia, Carmen Navarro, and Juan A. Clavero Section II: Acquired Traumatic Disorders 14 Expander-implants breast reconstruction 336 6 Nail and fingertip reconstruction 117 Maurizio B. Nava, Giuseppe Catanuto, Angela Pennati, Michael W. Neumeister, Elvin G. Zook, Valentina Visintini Cividin, and Andrea Spano Nicole Z. Sommer, and Theresa A. Hegge 15 Latissimus dorsi flap breast reconstruction 370 7 Hand fractures and joint injuries 138 Scott L. Spear and Mark W. Clemens Warren C. Hammert 16 The bilateral pedicled TRAM flap 393 8 Fractures and dislocations of the wrist and L. Franklyn Elliott, John D. Symbas, and distal radius 161 Hunter R. Moyer Kevin C. Chung and Steven C. Haase 17 Free TRAM breast reconstruction 411 9 Flexor tendon injury and reconstruction 178 Joshua Fosnot and Joseph M. Serletti Jin Bo Tang 18 The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator 10 Extensor tendon injuries 210 (DIEAP) flap 435 Kai Megerle and Günther Germann Phillip N. Blondeel, Colin M. Morrison, and Robert J. Allen 11 Replantation and revascularization 228 William W. Dzwierzynski 19 Alternative flaps for breast reconstruction 457 Maria M. LoTempio, Robert J. Allen, and 12 Reconstructive surgery of the mutilated hand 250 Phillip N. Blondeel William C. Pederson and Randolph Sherman 20 Omentum reconstruction of the breast 472 13 Thumb reconstruction: Nonmicrosurgical Joao Carlos Sampaio Góes and Antonio Luiz techniques 282 Vasconcellos Macedo Nicholas B. Vedder and Jeffrey B. Friedrich 21 Local flaps in partial breast reconstruction 482 14 Thumb and finger reconstruction: Microsurgical Moustapha Hamdi and Eugenia J. Kyriopoulos techniques 295 22 Reconstruction of the nipple-areola complex 499 Fu Chan Wei and Wee Leon Lam Ketan M. Patel and Maurice Y. Nahabedian Section III: Acquired Nontraumatic Disorders 23.1 Congenital anomalies of the breast 521 15 Benign and malignant tumors of the hand 311 Egle Muti Justin M. Sacks, Kodi K. Azari, Scott Oates, 23.2 Poland syndrome 548 and David W. Chang Pietro Berrino and Valeria Berrino 16 Infections of the hand 333 24 Contouring of the arms, breast, upper trunk, and Sean M. Bidic and Tim Schaub male chest in the massive weight loss patient 558 17 Management of Dupuytren’s disease 346 Jonathan W. Toy and J. Peter Rubin Andrew J. Watt and Caroline Leclercq 25 Fat grafting to the breast 582 18 Occupational hand disorders 363 Henry Wilson and Scott L. Spear Steven J. McCabe