Plastic Deformation of Materials

511 Pages·1975·10.612 MB·English

by  R.J. ARSENAULT (Eds.)

TREATISE EDITOR
HERBERT HERMAN
Department of Materials Science
State University of New York at Stony Brook
Stony Brook, New York
ADVISORY BOARD
G. M. BARTENEV P. B. HIRSCH, F.R.S.
Lenin State Teacher's Training University Oxford University
Moscow, USSR Oxford, England
J. W. CHRISTIAN Ô. B. KING
Oxford University Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Oxford, England Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ě. E. FINE A. SEEGER
Northwestern University Max-Planck-Institut
Evanston, Illinois Stuttgart, Germany
J. FRIEDEL A. SOSIN
Université de Paris University of Utah
Orsay, France Salt Lake City, Utah
J. J. HARWOOD F. F. Y. WANG
Ford Motor Company State University of New York at Stony
Dearborn, Michigan Brook
Stony Brook, New York
TREATISE ON MATERIALS SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
V O L U ME 6
PLASTIC DEFORMATION
OF MATERIALS
EDITED BY
R. J. ARSENAULT
Engineering Materials Group, and
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland
1975
ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
THOMAS H. ALDEN (225), Department of Metallurgy, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
R. J. ARSENAULT (1), Engineering Materials Group, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
P. BEARDMORE (267), Scientific Research Staff, Ford Motor Company,
Dearborn, Michigan
J. J. JONAS (393), Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,
McGill University, Montreal, Canada
CAMPBELL LAIRD (101), School of Metallurgy and Materials Science,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
H. J. MCQUEEN (393), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada
AMIYA A. MUKHERJEE (163), Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California, Davis, California
S. RABINOWITZ (267), Scientific Research Staff, Ford Motor Company,
Dearborn, Michigan
R. G. WOLFSON (333), Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College,
Hanover, New Hampshire
ix
Foreword
The study of the phenomenon of plastic deformation is a very fertile and
large branch of materials science. Since ancient times, when the first copper
implements were forged, there have been numerous investigations of the
plastic deformation characteristics of macroscopic solids. Mechanical prop­
erties, i.e., strength, ductility, toughness, are very important characteristics
of materials. In addition, plastic deformation is a central means by which
millions of tons of materials are shaped into products.
Plastic deformation is clearly a very complex, irreversible process and,
therefore, its understanding has evolved slowly. In the late nineteenth century
it was first noted that plastic deformation occurred in slip or shear bands.
Following this, it was observed in the 1910's that plastic deformation took
place on rational crystallographic planes. The modern era of research on
plastic deformation began in 1934, with the introduction of the dislocation
to account for the low observed levels of stress to achieve permanent
deformation. This important development was followed by proposals of
mechanisms of dislocation motion and models by which dislocations interact
with obstacles. Thereby evolved the relationship between theories of dis­
location dynamics and the form of the observed stress-strain curve for a
large variety of crystalline materials.
The chapters in this volume review the great profusion of ideas on plastic
deformation which have been put forward over the years. The overall goal
here has been to analyze the important developments and to place them in
a modern perspective. Plastic deformation of metals, crystalline non-metals
and polymers are covered in the seven chapters of this volume. Attesting
to the continuous activity in this area of research are the more than 1000
references contained herein, which must in truth be considered to be a
modest number.
xi
xii FOREWORD
We have attempted to present a global view of plastic deformation in
solids, and in such a venture certain areas and references will be unavoidably
left out. For this the Editor apologizes.
It is hoped that this volume will contribute to the understanding of this
very active and diverse area of research and will enable the reader to more
readily focus on the pressing current and future problems in plastic deforma­
tion—both in the research laboratory and in industrial practice.
R. J. ARSENAULT
Preface
Materials limitations are often the major deterrents to the achievement
of new technological advances. In modern engineering systems, materials
scientists and engineers must continually strive to develop materials which
can withstand extreme conditions of environment and maintain their re­
quired properties. In the last decade we have seen the emergence of new
types of materials, literally designed and processed with a specific use in mind.
Many of these materials and the advanced techniques which were developed
to produce them, came directly or indirectly from basic scientific research.
Clearly, the relationship between utility and fundamental materials science
no longer needs justification. This is exemplified in such areas as composite
materials, high-strength alloys, electronic materials, and advanced fabricat­
ing and processing techniques. It is this association between the science and
technology of materials on which we intend to focus in this treatise.
The topics to be covered in Treatise on Materials Science and Technology
will include the fundamental properties and characterization of materials,
ranging from simple solids to complex heterophase systems. The Treatise is
aimed at the professional scientist and engineer, as well as at graduate
students in materials science and associated fields.
The Editor would like to express his sincere appreciation to the members of
the Editorial Advisory Board who have given so generously of their time
and advice.
H. HERMAN
xiii
Contents of Previous Volumes
VOLUME É
On the Energies, Kinetics, and Topography of Interfaces
W. A. Tiller
Fracture of Composites
A. S. Argon
Theory of Elastic Wave Propagation in Composite Materials
V. K. Tewary and R. Bullough
Substitutional Interstitial Interactions in bcc Alloys
D. F. Hasson and R. J. Arsenault
The Dynamics of Microstructural Change
R. T. DeHoff
Studies in Chemical Vapor Deposition
R. W. Haskell and J. G. Byrne
AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME 2
Epitaxial Interfaces
J. H. van der Merwe
XV
xvi CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES
X-Ray and Neutron Scattering Studies on Disordered Crystals
W. Schmatz
Structures and Properties of Superconducting Materials
F. Y Fradin and P. Neumann
Physical and Chemical Properties of Garnets
Franklin F. Y Wang
AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME 3
Ultrasonic Investigation of Mechanical Properties
Robert E. Green, Jr.
AUTHOR INDEX-SUBJECT INDEX
VOLUME 4
Microstructural Characterization of Thin Films
Richard W. Vook
Lattice Diffusion of Substitutional Solutes and Correlation Effects
J. P. Stark
Solid Solution Strengthening of Face-Centered Cubic Alloys
K. R. Evans
Thermodynamics and Lattice Disorder in Binary Ordered Intermetallic
Phases
Y Austin Chang
Metal Powder Processing
Michael J. Koczak and Howard A. Kuhn
SUBJECT INDEX
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xvii
VOLUME 5
Solution Thermodynamics
Rex B. McLellan
Radiation Studies of Materials Using Color Centers
W. A. Sibley and Derek Pooley
Four Basic Types of Metal Fatigue
W. A. Wood
The Relationship between Atomic Order and the
Mechanical Properties of Alloys
M. J. Marcinkowski
SUBJECT INDEX