Plasmodesmata: Structure, Function, Role in Cell Communication PDF
Preview Plasmodesmata: Structure, Function, Role in Cell Communication
A.J.E. van Bel W.J.P. van Kesteren (Eds.) Plasmodesmata Structure, Function, Role in Cell Communication Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo Aart J. E. van Bel Wilhelmus J. P. van Kesteren (Eds.) Plasmodesmata Structure, Function, Role in Cell Communication With 105 Figures Springer Professor Dr.A.J.E. VAN BEL Dr. W.J.P. VAN KESTEREN Institut fUr Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie Justus-Liebig-Universitiit Giessen Senckenbergstr. 17 D-35390 Giessen Germany ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64229-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-60035-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60035-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plasmodesmata: structure, function, role in cell communication / Aart J. E. van Bel, Wilhelmus J. P. van Kesteren (eds.). p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64229-6 1. Plasmodesmata. 1. Bel, Aart Jan Eeuwe van, 1943- . II. Kesteren, Wilhelmus J. P. van (Wilhelmus Johannes Petrus), 1960- . QK725.P596 1999 571.6'42--dc21 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1999 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro- tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, 0-69126 Heidelberg Typesetting: Zechnersche Buchdruckerei, Speyer Cover Design by design & production, 0-69121 Heidelberg SPIN: 10567541 31/3137-543210- Preface Plasmodesmata have fascinated generations of plant biologists whose initial attempts to unravel the secrets of the plasmodesmata were frustrated by the lack of the right tools. This changed during the 1960s. With the advent of electron microscopy, the ba- sics of the plasmodesmal substructure were disclosed. Subsequently, physiological re- search was boosted by the availability of specialized fluorescent dyes. Since then, inte- grated application of molecular-biological approaches has potentiated the capacity of the researchers. It is no surprise, therefore, that insights into plasmodesmal substruc- ture and functioning have been gained at an increasing rate over the past years. A large part of the book deals with acquired knowledge on the substructure and physiology of plasmodesmata and the tasks they fulfil. Account will be given of current concepts and attention be paid to exciting prospects concerning the significance of plasmodesmata for the plant as a whole. It seems obvious that we are only beginning to understand function and functio- ning of the plasmodesmata despite all progress. One reaches this conclusion when overlooking the amazing discoveries over the past decade, but also the numerous claims and speculations with regard to plasmodesmal properties. These range from the various ways in which plasmodesmal gating is induced by viruses, their ability to modulate in response to certain stimuli, the potential to transport macromolecules such as dextrans and proteins, and the capacity of some plasmodesmata to traffic mRNA. Admittedly, some of the knowledge need not to be entirely solid, as we are not quite sure to what extent experimental manipulation of the cells provokes artefactual reac- tions. Interpretation of electron microscope images strongly depends on the fixation and contrasting methods and suffers from the minute size of the plasmodesmata. Moreover, intracellular injection of fluorochromes, either by pressure or by electrical current, may effect the opening status of the plasmodesmata. Several chapters high- light the experimental pitfalls and a few methodological limitations. The urge to develop intercellular connections has probably emerged more than once during evolution. Given the diversity of intercellular connections, there is more than one solution to cope with the demands of multicellularity as a number of chap- ters testify. Comprehensive contributions on some emerging themes were envisaged, but time needed for inclusion of these matters would have outdated the other chapters. Editing a survey book is a race against the clock that one is bound to lose if time constraints are ignored. Nevertheless, the information collected here is a prelude to future re- VI Preface search and indicates the way research must take such as identifying genes and mole- cules involved in the construction of and trafficking through plasmodesmata. Finally, we are very grateful to the authors who joined this project. We admire their commitment and dedication and have enjoyed the vivid exchange of ideas on various subjects. Their patience to comply with the ever-lasting flow of corrections and re- marks was immense. Hopefully, their efforts will further stimulate the research on plasmodesmata as the outstanding book of Brian Gunning and Tony Robards did more than 20 years ago. January 1999 Aart van Bel and Pim van Kesteren Contents Plasmodesmata, a Maze of Questions A. J. E. van Bel, S. Gunther and W. J. P. van Kesteren Plasmodesmal Imaging - Towards Understanding Structure C. E. J. Botha and R. H. M. Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Tissue Preparation and Substructure of Plasmodesmata B.Ding .......................... . 37 Electrical Coupling H. V. M. van Rijen, R. Wilders and H. J. Jongsma 51 Use and Limitations of Fluorochromes for Plasmodesmal Research P. B. Goodwin and 1. C. Cantril .................... . 67 Use of GFP-Tagged Viruses in Plasmodesmal Research K. J. Oparka, A. G. Roberts and S. Santa Cruz ..... . 85 Evolution of Plasmodesmata M. E. Cook and 1. E. Graham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 The Perforate Septal Pore Cap of Basidiomycetes W. H. Muller, B. M. Humbel and A. C. van Aelst, T. P. van der Krift, T. Boekhout . . 119 Substructure of Plasmodesmata R.1. Overall . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 129 Multimorphology and Nomenclature of Plasmodesmata in Higher Plants R. Kollmann and C. Glockmann ........................... 149 Physiological Control of Plasmodesmal Gating A.Schulz .................... . . ............ 173 Plasmodesmal Coupling and Cell Differentiation in Algae M. Kwiatkowska .................................... 205 VIII Contents The Symplasmic Organization of the Shoot Apical Meristem C. van der Schoot and P. Rinne ............. . . . . . . . . . . . 225 The Physiological and Developmental Consequences of Plasmodesmal Connectivity K. Ehlers and A. J. E. van Bel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Plasmodesmata in the Phloem-Loading Pathway D. U. Beebe and W. A. Russin .......... .................. 261 P-Protein Trafficking Through Plasmodesmata G. A. Thompson ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Plasmodesmata and Long-Distance Virus Movement P. M. Derrick and R. S. Nelson 315 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . 341 List of Contributors Dr. A. J. E. van Bel Institut fUr Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 17,35390 Giessen, Germany Dr. Pim van Kesteren Institut fUr Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 17,35390 Giessen, Germany Dr. C. E. J. Botha Department of Botany and Electron Microscopy Unit, Rhodes University, P. O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa Dr. B. Ding Department of Botany, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA Dr. H. V. M. van Rijen Dept. of Medical Physiology and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100,3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands Dr. P. B. Goodwin Department of Crop Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia Dr. K. J. Oparka Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Virology, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK Dr. M. E. Cook Department of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4120, Normal, Illinois 61790-4120, USA Dr. W. H. Muller Utrecht University, Molecular Cell Biology, EMSA-Centraal Bureau voor Schimmel- cultures, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Dr. R. L. Overall School of Biological Sciences, Macleay Bldg Al2, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia X List of Contributors Dr. R. Kollmann Botanisches Institut der Christian-Albrechts-Universitat, 24098 Kiel, Germany Dr. A. Schulz Dept. of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark Dr. Maria Kwiatkowska Department of Cytophysiology, University of L6dz, UI. Pilarskiego 14,90-231 L6dz, Poland Dr. C. van der Schoot Agrotechnical Research Institute, ATO-DLO, P. O. Box 17,6700 AA Wageninge'n, The Netherlands Dr. Katrin Ehlers Institut fUr Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Senckenbergstr. 17, 35390 Giessen, Germany Dr. D. U. Beebe Institut de recherche en biologie vegetale, Universite de Montreal, 4101 est, rue Sherbrooke, Montreal (Quebec) HIX 2B2, Canada Dr. G.A. Thompson Department of Plant Sciences, 303 Forbes Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA Dr. R. S. Nelson Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, P. O. Box 2180, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73402, USA
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