Plants with anti-diabetes mellitus properties

584 Pages·2016·17.16 MB·English

by  Subramoniam

Plants Anti-Diabetes
with
Mellitus Properties
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Plants Anti-Diabetes
with
Mellitus Properties

Appian Subramoniam
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20160302
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-4990-3 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
To my mentors Professor C.V. Ramakrishnan and (late) Professor R. Rajalakshmi
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................................xi
Author .....................................................................................................................................................xiii
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Diabetes Mellitus ....................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Prevalence .................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Glucose Homeostasis ................................................................................................2
1.1.2.1 Insulin and Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................2
1.1.2.2 Glucagon, Incretins, and Other Hormones in Glucose Homeostasis .......5
1.1.3 Diagnosis of DM .......................................................................................................5
1.1.4 Different Types of DM ..............................................................................................6
1.1.4.1 Type 1 DM ................................................................................................6
1.1.4.2 Type 2 DM ................................................................................................7
1.1.5 Complications of DM ..............................................................................................10
1.1.5.1 Acute Complications of DM ...................................................................10
1.1.5.2 Chronic Complications of DM ...............................................................10
1.1.6 Treatment/Management of DM ...............................................................................11
1.1.6.1 Insulin and Other Parenteral Therapy .....................................................11
1.1.6.2 Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ....................................................................12
1.2 Plant Products: A Promising Source for the Development of New Anti-DM
Medicines (Anti-DM Medicines from Plants) ......................................................................15
1.3 The Need for This Book ........................................................................................................16
2. Anti-Diabetes Mellitus Plants ........................................................................................................17
2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................17
2.2 Plants Tested for Anti-DM Properties ...................................................................................18
2.3 Anti-DM Plants Not Exposed to Scientific Studies .............................................................432
2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................432
3. Nutraceuticals for Diabetes Mellitus (Functional Food for Diabetes Mellitus) ......................433
3.1 What Are Nutraceuticals? ....................................................................................................433
3.2 Nutraceuticals for Diabetes Mellitus ...................................................................................433
3.3 Dietary Supplements for Diabetes Mellitus ........................................................................438
3.4 Fixation of Dose/Quantity of Antidiabetic Food ................................................................438
3.5 Combination of Nutraceuticals (Combination of Functional Food) ...................................438
3.6 Research and Development on Anti-Diabetes Mellitus Plant Foods .................................439
3.7 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................440
References .............................................................................................................................................441
Index ......................................................................................................................................................569
vii
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Preface
Diabetes mellitus is an age-old disease; it is described in ancient medical systems. From time immemo-
rial, plant products have been used, to a large extent, to treat diabetes. Even today, the majority of the
world’s population uses botanicals in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It is one of the major diseases
whose incidence and severity are increasing all over the world, and it presents a huge burden to society
in terms of the economy and the well-being of people.
At present, unlike almost all other diseases, diabetes mellitus needs lifelong treatment, and the treat-
ment, to a large extent, could provide a near-normal life. Although there are many oral medicines and
injectible insulin to treat diabetes mellitus, they are inadequate and ineffective, particularly in the long
run; adverse reactions and loss of efficacy occur. There are time-tested anti-diabetes mellitus plant foods
that are very safe and could be effective when consumed judiciously with a concomitant change in life-
style, which includes increase in physical activity and reduction in mental stress.
Various cultural groups around the world used and are using a large number of plants to treat diabetes
mellitus; the number may be more than 2000. More than 1000 anti-diabetes mellitus ethnomedicinal
plants have been subjected to varying levels of scientific studies. Out of these, about 120 plants are prom-
ising for further studies, leading to the development of medicines for diabetes mellitus.
Surprisingly, in spite of a vast and intensive traditional use of the plants to treat the disease and sub-
stantial supporting scientific studies, conventional chemical entity drugs from these plants were not suc-
cessfully developed and commercialized, except metformin and sugar blockers such as acarbose. One
of the major reasons is the following: In most cases, crude preparations of medicinal plants including
decoctions, extracts, or fractions and poly-plant-formulations could be more successful as anti-diabetes
mellitus medicines than single chemical entity drugs isolated from plants. Many such herbal medicines
(crude preparations) are locally in use in alternative systems of medicine and folklore medicines. So,
with this information in mind, one of the aims of this book is to facilitate the development of such medi-
cines with modern standards of efficacy and safety and make them widely available.
One fact that emerged from the literature is that almost all of the promising anti-diabetes mellitus
plants are endowed with various other pharmacological properties as well; in the majority of cases, these
associated activities are beneficial. Further, more than one active principle is present in anti-diabetes
mellitus plants. The search for anti-diabetes mellitus compounds brought to light the fact that already
known bioactive phytochemicals with anti-diabetes mellitus activities, such as β-sitosterol, quercetin,
rutin, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, gallic acid, ellagic acid, kaempferol, ferulic acid and resveratol, are
present in many plants, including certain food plants. There are certain plants with both anti-diabetes
properties and toxicities. Another point noted in the literature is that a major part of scientific studies on
extracts and fractions were carried out in academic institutions using a few common animal models such
as alloxan-induced and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A good amount of such work is repetitious
and superficial in nature. The identification of active principles (anti-diabetes mellitus phytochemicals)
and unraveling the mechanism of action have not been done on some of the therapeutically promising
anti-diabetes mellitus plants, including a few very important anti-diabetes mellitus food plants. This gap
remains to be filled. Furthermore, a long-term and detailed toxicity evaluation is lacking in most of the
cases. This is needed particularly when drug preparation is different from the traditional preparation and
its use in traditional medicine is limited.
There are anti-diabetic molecules that are reported in phytochemical studies on many plants.
Anti- diabetes mellitus properties of these compounds are reported from different plant sources in anti-
diabetes studies. Plants with very low levels of such compounds are not considered anti-diabetes mellitus
plants in this book.
The occurrences of phytochemically different varieties of the same species (chemotypes), ecotypes,
and variations due to soil nutrition, including water content in the soil, could affect the results obtained
ix