Plants for environmental studies PDF
Preview Plants for environmental studies
Plants for Environmental Studies Edited by Wuncheng Wang U.S. Geological Survey Columbia, South Carolina Joseph W. Gorsuch Eastman Kodak Company Rochester, New York Jane S. Hughes Carolina Ecotox, Inc. Durham, North Carolina LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton New York © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Acquiring Editor: Joel Stein Project Editor: Joan Moscrop Cover design: Denise Craig PrePress: Kevin Luong Manufacturing: Carol Royal Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plants for environmental studies/ edited by Wuncheng Wang, Joseph W. Gorsuch, Jane S. Hughes p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-028-0 1. Plant indicators. 2. Biological monitoring. 3. Environmental monitoring. I. Wang, Wuncheng. II. Gorsuch, Joseph W. III. Hughes, Jane S., 1947– . QK754.P59 1997 581.7—dc21 96-47075 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-028-0/97/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-028-0 Library of Congress Card Number 96-47075 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Preface Environmental issues frequently discussed in today’s news media, sci- entific meetings, and policy decision arenas include global climate change, the greenhouse effect, desertification, and soil erosion. Al- though different geographical locations may have different combina- tions and severities of these environmental issues, all of them are re- lated directly or indirectly to the destruction or reduction of plant life on the planet. Plants, both aquatic and terrestrial, are an essential part of a healthy environment. They produce oxygen and organic carbon essential to animal survival and provide habitat for many species of fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and mammals. Plants are the basic com- ponent of agriculture, rangeland, forestry, and horticulture. In many ways, the welfare of plants is consistent with that of human beings and the environment. Mandated by environmental regulations in the United States, many plant species are used as indicators of adverse environmental condi- tions. For example, phytotoxicity testing is used as part of the ecolog- ical risk assessment of industrial and agricultural chemicals, industrial and municipal effluents, food additives, packaging materials, leachates, solid wastes, hazardous sites, and the like. In addition, many reports have shown that plants have important roles in improving wastewater treatment and in remediating hazardous sites, the so-called phytore- mediation. The goal of this book is to present a broad and state-of-the-science overview of plants for environmental studies. The contents encompass vascular plants, in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and algae. This book is timely because the demand for environmental studies using plant species has become more urgent, as evidenced by the recent literature, workshops, symposia, and consensus methods develop- ment. This book is a joint contribution by authors from academia, gov- ernments, research institutions, and industries from the United States, Canada, and Europe. It contains diverse laboratory and in situ studies in air, water, wastewater, sediment, and soil. Chapters include environ- mental impacts on plants (UV and general radiation), plant mutation, © 1997 by CRC Press LLC statistical analyses of plant data, relationships between plants and water (quantity and quality), algae as ecosystem indicators and labo- ratory test organisms, use of plant species or communities for ecological risk assessment, and organic and inorganic compound accumulations by plants. These important subjects constitute only a part of the current knowledge of plant environmental science. Plant studies play promi- nent roles in many other areas, such as air pollution, soil pollution, wetland ecology, riverine ecology, and aquatic and littoral zone ecology. Ecosystem approaches are being emphasized in scientific and regula- tory arenas. Without doubt, plants are an essential component of any comprehensive environmental investigation. It is the hope of the edi- torial committee that this book will help stimulate a greater interest and shed more light on environmental monitoring and assessment using plant species. The editorial committee is grateful to all the authors whose com- bined expertise is the foundation of this book. The committee also acknowledges the contributions of many reviewers whose timely and constructive comments are indispensable. The committee especially wishes to acknowledge Dr. William Lower, formerly of the Cancer Research Center in Columbia, MO and presently serving as a Peace Corps volunteer in Kazakhstan, for his contribution and encourage- ment; both were essential for the completion of this book. Wuncheng Wang Joseph W. Gorsuch Jane S. Hughes © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Editors Wuncheng (Woodrow) Wang is a hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Before 1991, he was a principal scientist with the Illinois State Water Survey in Peoria, IL. He has been chairing two Joint Task Groups (Lemna and marsh plants) of the Standard Methods Committee since 1987 and chaired the First ASTM Symposium on Use of Plants for Toxicity As- sessment in 1989. His interest is the use of plants for water quality assessment. Joseph (Joe) W. Gorsuch is Director of Silver Issues with Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY. For the 22 years prior to April 1, 1996, he was Group Leader and Senior Environmental Toxicologist at Kodak. He chaired the ASTM E47.11 Subcommittee on Plant Toxicology from 1992 to 1995, chaired the Second ASTM Symposium on Use of Plants for Tox- icity Assessment in 1990, and co-chaired the First ASTM Symposium in 1989. He is interested in using plants to evaluate sludge application practices. Jane S. Hughes is the founder and president of Caro- lina Ecotox, Inc., a contract environmental toxicology testing laboratory in Durham, NC. She has nearly 20 years of experience conducting and supervising aquatic toxicity testing with a variety of plants and animals to meet diverse regulatory requirements. Her specialty is aquatic plant toxicity testing, and she has chaired methods development activities relating to algae, duckweed, and aquatic macrophytes in ASTM’s Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. She also served as co-chair and chair for the First and Third ASTM Symposia on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment. © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Contributors Todd A. Anderson Geirid Fiskesjö The Institute of Wildlife and Department of Genetics Environmental Toxicology University of Lund Clemson University Lund, Sweden Pendleton, South Carolina Joanna Gemel Amha Asfaw Cancer Research Center Department of Statistics Columbia, Missouri University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Robert W. Gensemer John Cairns, Jr. Department of Biology Department of Biology Boston University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Boston, Massachusetts State University Blacksburg, Virginia Karen E. Gerhardt Department of Biology Cheryl L. Duxbury University of Waterloo Department of Biology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Bruce M. Greenberg Department of Biology Nelson T. Edwards University of Waterloo Environmental Sciences Division Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Jerry L. Hatfield Mark R. Ellersieck National Soil Tilth Laboratory Department of Statistics Agricultural Research Service University of Missouri U.S. Department of Agriculture Columbia, Missouri Ames, Iowa © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Brian H. Hill Lawrence A. Kapustka Environmental Monitoring ecological planning and Systems Laboratory toxicology, inc. U.S. Environmental Protection Corvallis, Oregon Agency Cincinnati, Ohio Gary F. Krause Department of Statistics Robert W. Holst University of Missouri Naval Research Laboratory Columbia, Missouri Washington, D.C. Michael A. Lewis National Health and Anne M. Hoylman Environmental Effects Research Graduate Program in Ecology Laboratory The University of Tennessee U.S. Environmental Protection Knoxville, Tennessee Agency Gulf Breeze, Florida Xiao-Dong Huang Department of Biological William R. Lower Sciences Cancer Research Center Wright State University Columbia, Missouri Dayton, Ohio Paul V. McCormick Jane S. Hughes Everglades Systems Research Carolina Ecotox, Inc. Division Durham, North Carolina South Florida Water Management District Lawrence W. Jones West Palm Beach, Florida Energy, Environment, and Resources Center David J. Nagel The University of Tennessee Naval Research Laboratory Knoxville, Tennessee Washington, D.C. Young-Hwa Ju Niels Nyholm Department of Crop Sciences Department of Environmental University of Illinois at Urbana- Science and Engineering Champaign Technical University of Denmark Urbana, Illinois Lyngby, Denmark Shubender Kapila Hans G. Peterson Center for Environmental Science Water Quality Section and Technology Saskatchewan Research Council University of Missouri-Rolla Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Rolla, Missouri Canada © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Michael J. Plewa Kwang-Young Seo Department of Crop Sciences Department of Microbiology University of Illinois at Urbana- University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign Champaign Urbana, Illinois Urbana, Illinois Rebecca L. Powell Shannon R. Smith Monsanto Company Department of Plant Biology Environmental Sciences Center University of Illinois at Urbana- St. Louis, Missouri Champaign Urbana, Illinois Ravi K. Puri Elizabeth D. Wagner Environmental Trace Substances Department of Crop Sciences Laboratory University of Illinois at Urbana- University of Missouri-Rolla Champaign Rolla, Missouri Urbana, Illinois Vivek Puri Barbara T. Walton Cancer Research Center Environmental Sciences Division Columbia, Missouri Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Ye Qiuping Department of Chemistry Wuncheng Wang University of Missouri U.S. Geological Survey Columbia, Missouri Columbia, South Carolina Merrilee Ritter Beth Waters-Earhart Eastman Kodak Company Cancer Research Center Rochester, New York Columbia, Missouri Otto J. Schwarz Michael I. Wilson Department of Botany Department of Biology The University of Tennessee University of Waterloo Knoxville, Tennessee Waterloo, Ontario, Canada © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Contents Chapter 1 The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on higher plants............................................................................................1 Bruce M. Greenberg, Michael I. Wilson, Xiao-Dong Huang, Cheryl L. Duxbury, Karen E. Gerhardt, and Robert W. Gensemer Chapter 2 Radiation effects on plants..................................................37 Robert W. Holst and David J. Nagel Chapter 3 Plant–water interactions.......................................................81 Jerry L. Hatfield Chapter 4 Plant activation of environmental agents: the utility of the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay...................105 Michael J. Plewa, Kwang-Young Seo, Young-Hwa Ju, Shannon R. Smith, and Elizabeth D. Wagner Chapter 5 Statistical methods in plant environmental studies......127 Merrilee Ritter Chapter 6 Water quality and aquatic plants......................................141 Michael A. Lewis and Wuncheng Wang Chapter 7 Algal indicators of aquatic ecosystem condition and change...............................................................................177 Paul V. McCormick and John Cairns, Jr. Chapter 8 Photosynthetic electron transport as a bioassay............209 Joanna Gemel, Beth Waters-Earhart, Mark R. Ellersieck, Amha Asfaw, Gary F. Krause, Vivek Puri, and William R. Lower Chapter 9 Laboratory bioassays with microalgae............................225 Niels Nyholm and Hans G. Peterson Chapter 10 Aquatic plant communities for impact monitoring and assessment.....................................................................277 Brian H. Hill © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Chapter 11 Allium test for screening chemicals; evaluation of cytological parameters.........................................................................307 Geirid Fiskesjö Chapter 12 The use of vascular plants as “field” biomonitors........335 Rebecca L. Powell Chapter 13 Metal accumulation by aquatic macrophytes.................367 Wuncheng Wang and Michael A. Lewis Chapter 14 Bioaccumulation of xenobiotic organic chemicals by terrestrial plants................................................................417 Otto J. Schwarz and Lawrence W. Jones Chapter 15 Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetation: a review of experimental methods..............................451 Todd A. Anderson, Anne M. Hoylman, Nelson T. Edwards, and Barbara T. Walton Chapter 16 Plant uptake and metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)..........................................................481 Ravi K. Puri, Ye Qiuping, Shubender Kapila, William R. Lower, and Vivek Puri Chapter 17 Selection of phytotoxicity tests for use in ecological risk assessments.................................................................515 Lawrence A. Kapustka © 1997 by CRC Press LLC
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