Plant Viruses PDF
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PLANT VIRUSES Plant Viruses KENNETH M. SMITH C.B.E., D.Se., Ph.D., F.R.S. Formerly Director Virus Research Unit, Agricultural Research Council, Cambridge SIXTH EDITION LONDON CHAP MAN AND HALL A Halsted Press Book John Wiley & Sons, New York First published 1935 by Methuen & Co. Ltd. Second edition, 1948 Third edition, 1960 Fourth edition, 1968 Fifth edition, 1974 published by Chapman and Hall Ltd. II New Fetter Lane, London EC4P ¢E Sixth edition, 1977 Reprinted 1979 © 1977 K. M. Smith ISBN 978-0-412-147411-1 ISBN 978-<)4-<110-9653""9 (eBaok) DOl 10.I007f978-94-{)IO-9653-9 This paperback edition is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or other wise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Distributed in the U.S.A. by Halsted Press, a Division of 10hn Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Smith, Kenneth Manley, 1892- Plant viruses. 'A Halsted Press Book.' Includes indexes. I. Plant viruses. 2. Virus diseases of plants. QR35I.S63 1977 576'.6483 76-45474 ISBN 978-0-412-14740-1 Contents Plates page vii Preface to the Sixth Edition ix I Introduction I Virus characteristics 4 2 Symptomatology of Virus-Infected Plants 6 External symptoms 6 Internal symptoms 9 3 Physiology of Plant Virus Diseases 16 Metabolism of virus-infected plants 16 Translocation of the virus in the plant 19 Interference between viruses 24 Latent infections 30 Resistance to infection 35 4 Isolation and Purification of Plant Viruses 43 Elementary tests 43 Purification methods 44 5 Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Virus Particles. Plant Viruses in situ in Plant and Vector 6 Chemistry of Plant Viruses 7 Infection and Replication. Assembly of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle. Incomplete Viruses. Satellite Viruses. Viroids v vi CONTENTS 8 Transmission by Vectors 98 Insecta 99 Vectors outside the insecta 114 9 Transmission other than by Vectors 125 Mechanical inoculation 125 Grafting 133 Vegetative propagation 136 Seed transmission 136 10 Quantitative Assay. Virus Inhibitors. Virus Strains 142 II Serology of Plant Viruses 154 Preparation of the viruses (antigens) 156 The precipitin reaction 157 Some results of the application of serological methods 159 12 Tissue- and Cell-culture of Plant Viruses 164 Plant tissue-culture 164 Modes of infection of tissue-cultures 167 Cell-culture 169 Protoplast culture of plant-viruses 170 13 Testing for Viruses: Indicator Plants 175 14 Nomenclature and Oassification. Control lSI 15 Fungal and Algal Viruses 202 Fungal viruses 202 Algal viruses 208 16 Mycoplasma-like Organisms 214 Index of Authors 227 Subject Index 235 Plates (The plates appear between pages lI8 and lI9) I. Plant of Chinese cabbage infected with the virus of turnip yellow mosaic. 2. 'Pinwheel' type of intracellular inclusion. 3. Solanum capsicastrum infected with the virus of tomato spotted wilt. 4. Potato var. Up-to-Date infected with potato virus Y. 5. Local lesions caused by cabbage black ringspot virus on tobacco. 6. Longitudinal section of parenchyma cell and sieve element from Beta vulgaris infected with beet yellows virus. 7. Helical virus inclusions in a mesophyll cell of Lantana horrida. 8. Part of a section through a cell of a tomato plant infected with tobacco mosaic virus. 9. Parenchyma cell of Sonchus oleraceus infected with sow thistle yellow-vein virus. 10. The planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, male and female. I I. The aphid M yzus persicae Sulz., winged and wingless females. 12. The ee1worm Xiphinema diversicaudatum, female 13. Electron micrograph of unfractionated preparation of lucerne (alfalfa) mosaic virus. 14. 'Stacked disc' aggregates of the protein of tobacco mosaic virus. 15. Electron micrograph of turnip yellow mosaic virus. 16. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. 17. Large viroplasm of wound tumour virus in the vector Agallia constricta. 18. The virus of rice-dwarf disease inside the leafhopper vector Nephotettix cincticeps. 19. Section through part of a cell of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum during the process of infection by the LPP-I virus. vii viii PLATES 20. Section through a cell of Plectonema boryanum I hour after virus infection. 2 I. Electron micrograph of potato spindle tuber virus mixed with a double-stranded DNA. 22. Micrograph of a tobacco protoplast infected with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-RNA. 23. Serological reactions of plant viruses: the Ouchterlony plate test. 24. Cross-section through phloem of Nicotiana rustica infected with the Mycoplasma of aster yellows. Preface to the Sixth Edition In the sixth edition of Plant Viruses, each section has been brought up to date and some additions made. A short account is given of a new technique, the protoplast-culture of plant viruses. The omission in the fifth edition of the Mycoplasma-like organisms has been criticized on the grounds of the close simi larity of symptom expression and techniques of study between Mycoplasmas and plant viruses. To meet this criticism Chapter 16, which gives a brief account of these organisms, is included. Some of the plates have been changed and new ones added. Grateful acknowledgment is due to Dr Aaron KIug F.R.S. and his colleagues, to Drs D. A. Govier, Basil Kassanis F.R.S. and Karl Maramorsch for permission to use their recent work. Acknowledgement is also due to several friends who have supplied prints of illustrations from their published work; credit has been given to authors in the illustration legends. Mr Denis C. Ingram, editor to Chapman and Hall, has been most helpful and co-operative throughout. Cambridge K.M.S. Introduction I Virus diseases of plants, although of course not recognized as such, were known long before the discovery of bacteria. Th.e first record in the literature of which we have knowledge is a descrip tion published in 1576 by Charles de L'Ecluse, or Carolus Ousius of a variegation in the colour of tulips, which is now called a 'colour-break' and is recognized to be due to an aphid-trans mitted virus of the mosaic type. 'Broken' tulips are figured in Theatrum Florae published in 1662; these illustrations have been identified as the work of the painter Daniel Rabel. A somewhat later account published in Traite des Tulips, about 1670, contains the first suggestion that the variegation in the flower colour might be due to a disease. In 1715, an account of an infectious chlorosis of Jasminum was published in the Art of Gardening. About fifty years later, the so-called 'curl disease' of potatoes came into prominence, and as to the cause of this there raged for many years a great controversy. The favourite explanation was that of 'degeneration', a kind of senile decay caused by long continued vegetative propagation. It was pointed out, however, that in certain secluded districts, high up on mountains or in wind-blown areas near 'the sea, it was possible to grow the same variety of potato for many years, saving the 'seed' each year from the current year's crop, without any sign of degeneration. It was the discovery that potato leaf-roll was an infectious virus disease which finally settled this controversy and showed that the degeneration of the potato crop was due solely to a gradual infil tration of viruses into the stocks. 1 2 PLANT VIRUSES About the year 1868, the variegated plant Abutilon, probably A. striatum var. Tlwmpsonii, appeared in Europe and became popular as an ornamental plant. By grafting scions of variegated plants to green shoots. of unvariegated plants it was shown that this variegation was infectious. Now the condition is known to be due to a virus infection transmitted by a species of whitefly. In 1882, Mayer described a disease of the tobacco plant which he called Mosaikkrankheit, and this term, or its English equiva lent, is now widely used to describe the mottling type of virus disease. Mayer showed that this mosaic disease of tobacco could be communicated to a healthy tobacco plant by inoculation with the sap of the infected plant. Two years later, Erwin F. Smith proved that the disease known as 'peach yellows' was also com municable and could be transmitted by budding. It was not, however, till 1892 that the first scientific proof of the existence of a virus was given. Iwanowski (1892) working with the mosaic disease of tobacco, described by Mayer, proved that sap from such a diseased plant was capable of inducing the mosaic disease in healthy plants after it had passed through a bacteria-proof filter candle and was bacteriologically sterile. Curiously enough, I wanowski himself did not seem to grasp the true significance of this and his discovery passed almost unnoticed until the work was repeated some years later by Beijerinck (1898). He made a more detailed study of the problem and showed that the agent would diffuse through agar. Because of this, Beijerinck came to the conclusion that it could not be 'corpuscular', and suggested that it was a 'contagium vivum fluidum'. This was important as being an effort to visualize an unusual disease agent and also because it made the first step away from the fashionable bacteriology of that time, when it was thought that all infectious diseases were caused by visible micro-organisms. The discovery of the relationship between viruses and insects was not made in a day, and a period of years elapsed between the time when insects were first suspected of transmitting plant viruses and the actual demonstration of this method of trans mission. The first to prove experimentally the relationship be tween an insect and a plant virus seems to have been a Japanese
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