Plant viruses

1270 Pages·2008·54.012 MB·English

by  M. V. Nayudu

PLANT VIRUSES
PLANT VIRUSES
M.V. Nayudu (Late)
Sri Venkateswara University
Tirupati
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RDDYCRDDYAAQLZ
To
My parents,
teachers and students
FROM THE PUBLISHER’S DESK
M.V. Nayudu was a renowned personality in the area of Plant Pathology. His book on plant viruses
was progressing into completion when the author expired. The publishers have since taken
the book to its completion, confident that his active involvement on this project validated its
publication.
No effort has been spared to ensure that this book is free of errors. To this end, we are grateful for the
invaluable aid provided by Prof. P. Sreenivasulu, Principal, College of Biological and Earth Sciences,
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, and his research students in reading the proofs and suggesting
corrections.
We dedicate this book to the memory of our author, M.V. Nayudu, in the certainty that our readers
would find much to appreciate and value in this great volume.
FOREWORD
A
t the outset I would like to thank Prof. P. Sreenivasulu, Principal, College of Biological and Earth
Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, for giving me this privilege to write the foreword. I have
known Prof. M.V. Nayudu for more than 25 years and collaborated with him in various projects dealing
with a range of plant viruses. I hold him in high esteem for his contributions which lead to phenomenal
progress in plant virology discipline in India.
There are very few comprehensive texts on such selected disciplines as “Plant Virology.” I was indeed
skeptical when Prof. Nayudu sought my advice on production of a complete treatise on “Plant viruses
and virus diseases.” But, I was pleasantly surprised when I was given an opportunity to read the sections
of this book. This could have been accomplished only by persons of Prof. Nayudu’s caliber who was
known for his military zeal and commitment, and had the broad background required to do such a
thorough job.
To my knowledge the last comprehensive book on “Plant Virology” was that by Dr. Hull, published
in the year 2002. Notable advances have been made during the last decade in the majority of branches
of the subject. Indeed advances in plant virology have also brought profound changes in the ways to
deal with infections caused by other plant pathogens. These advances are bringing relief to farmers
worldwide. Therefore, there is an absolute need for such a book as this, in “Plant Virology”.
This book virtually covers all aspects of plant virology. With the exception of the sections on symptoms
of diseases and control of plant virus diseases, the rest of the contents are useful for any student specializing
in “Virology”. As expected, Prof. Nayudu ably covered the majority of sections and sought expert advice
to ensure that the information published is up-to-date and authentic. Prof. M.R.N. Murthy and Prof.
H.S. Savithri have done an excellent job on two very important chapters of this book.
Prof. Sreenivasulu undertook the herculean job of editing and updating the references. He ably handled
all the correspondence with the publisher.
This is an indispensable book for students and teachers of virology. It is an excellent reference book
and deserves to find a place in libraries of all Agricultural Institutes. I am indeed pleased that a reputed
publisher like McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd. undertook this publication.
DR D. V. R. REDDY
Formerly Principal Virologist
ICRISAT
Hyderabad
PREFACE
P
lant Viruses is a comprehensive text, not an exhaustive one, to cater to UG and PG students and
teachers in agricultural and basic science colleges. It will also be useful for research students and scientists
as an introduction to plant viruses, methods to study them, and some examples of diseases. It will also
serve as an introductory book to interdisciplinary faculty and students in plant viruses. The book is
informative on all aspects of plant viruses—history of viruses, virus induced symptoms, transmission of
viruses, composition and structure of viruses, molecular basis of infection and disease development,
virus replication, variations in viruses, satellite viruses and satellite RNAs and DNAs, and interaction
among them, viroids, methods of detection and diagnosis of viruses including serology and PCR,
physiology of viral diseases, plant resistance to viral diseases, virus ecology and epidemiology, plant
disease management, plant virus nomenclature and classification as per VIIIth ICTV report of 2004,
their evolution, serious emerging viral diseases, some practical uses of plant viruses, description of
30 selected virus diseases of crops, detailed experimental methods to study them, appendices of description
of families and genera of plant viruses as in VIIth ICTV report of 2000, etc.
Each chapter of the book is divided into sections and sub-sections with suitable cross references
wherever necessary for easy location and reference. The book includes black and white, and color
photographs, to enhance the graphic understanding of the text matter. Critical comments have been
included at the end of a few chapters as an assessment of the present state of knowledge and future
perspectives.
Description of selected virus diseases in crop plants, their geographic distribution, symptoms, resistance
to viruses and disease management with some pertinent references aid in better understanding of the
importance of the text and the diseases in the agricultural economy. This section will help scientists to
describe a virus disease properly, identify it in a field and contact specialists for assistance.
The methods section of the book gives step wise details of procedure of each experiment which would
help faculty members and students to conduct practicals easily and learn the significance of virus diseases.
Interested faculty members and research students will find the molecular techniques considerably helpful
to conduct their research programmes.
The appendices on description of families and genera with genome maps, and known list of virus
species will help scientists to properly identify and describe new viruses.
The glossary of various terms, included at the end of the book, will help students and faculty. The
bibliography will aid post-graduate, research students and teachers to get relevant original papers for
further study.
xiv Preface
I hope that Plant Viruses will receive a good reception from teachers and students. For detailed
information, one should refer to other books like Matthews’ Plant Virology by Roger Hull, 2002, Mechanisms
of Resistance to Plant Diseases by Slusarenko et al., 2000, Viruses of Plants by Brunt et al., 1996, CMI/
CAB publications on individual plant viruses, review articles in Annual Review of Phytopathology, Advances
in Virus Research, and Advances in Botanical Research.
Critical comments are requested on all aspects of the book so as to help further improvements.
M.V. NAYUDU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
am grateful to Prof. M.R.N. Murthy and Prof. H.S. Savithri for their consistent support and enabling
the use of computer facility; to Prof. M. Vijayan, Prof. A. Surolia and the Director of I.I.Sc, Bangalore
for granting the permission to use the Molecular Biophysics Unit facilities and the institute library. I am
also grateful to Prof. P. Sreenivasulu, Dr R.S.S. Fraser, Prof. M.R.N. Murthy, Prof. J.W. Demski,
Dr M.A. Mayo, Dr D.V.R. Reddy, Dr T. Satyanarayana and Prof. Van Regenmortel for many useful
comments on various chapters of the manuscript during its preparation; Prof. Murthy and Prof.Savithri
for chapters on “Structure of Viruses” and “Molecular and Biochemical Nature of Viruses”, respectively;
DrT. Satyanarayana for his contributions on some disease descriptions; Prof. P. Sreenivasulu and
DrD.V.R. Saigopal for many photographs; and Dr Mohanty, Dr V. Muniyappa, Dr F.W. Nutter Jr.,
Dr Narayan Rishi, Dr Y.R. Sarma, Dr P. Sreenivasulu, Dr M. Venugopal, Dr K. Muralidharan and
Dr Usha Ramakrishnan for useful reprints and photographs. Sincere gratitude is due to Dr C.M. Fauquet,
Secretary of ICTV and Director of ILTAB, Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, for the summary
of plant virus classification from the VIIIth ICTV, report, 2004. Matthews’ Plant Virology by Hull
provided useful primary information for which I am indebted. I am also thankful to the Vice-Chancellor
of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore; Director of Indian Horticultural Institute, its
Librarian, Dr M. Krishna Reddy, Dr R.D. Rawal, and other plant pathologists Director General of
ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad and its scientist P. Lavakumar for publications, abstracts and some
photographs. I am also thankful to many colleagues in India and other countries, and various publishers
for their prompt help in providing information, reprints, photographs and consents for reproduction. If
any omissions have occurred inadvertently in seeking permissions for figures and tables, it may please be
condoned. G.S. Ramprasad and C.S. Bujjibabu helped readily in computerizing the bibliography and
index. Sai Krishna and Sri Ram helped in taking a few microphotographs. Many students of M.R.N.
Murthy helped frequently in the effective use of computer, for which I am grateful. Each of them had a
different expertise that complemented efficiently.
I am grateful to the entire team of McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., for their constant
support.
M.V. NAYUDU
CONTENTS
From the Publisher’s Desk ix
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Variation in Symptoms and Strains 4
1.2 Antigenicity of Viruses 4
1.3 Virus Purification 5
1.4 Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction Studies of Viruses 5
1.5 Viral RNAs and Protein 7
1.6 Differential and Density Gradient Centrifugation 10
1.7 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) 10
1.8 Serology 10
1.9 Viral RNAs 11
1.10 Molecular Techniques 12
1.11 Certain Functions of Virus Constituents 13
1.12 Plant Virus Work in India and South Asia 15
1.13 Virus Definition 16
2. Molecular and Biochemical Aspects of Plant Viruses 18
2.1 Viral Proteins 18
2.2 Nucleic Acids 25
3. Structure of Viruses 37
3.1 Proteins 38