Plant Virus Epidemiology, Volume 67 PDF
Preview Plant Virus Epidemiology, Volume 67
Advancesin VIRUS RESEARCH VOLUME 67 ADVISORY BOARD DAVIDBALTIMORE BERNARDMOSS ROBERTM. CHANOCK ERLINGNORRBY PETERC. DOHERTY J.J. SKEHEL H. J.GROSS R. H. SYMONS B. D.HARRISON M. H. V.VANREGENMORTEL PAULKAESBERG FREDERICKA. MURPHY Advances in V I R U S R E S E A R C H Edited by KARL MARAMOROSCH AARON J. SHATKIN DepartmentofEntomology CenterforAdvancedBiotechnology RutgersUniversity andMedicine NewBrunswick,NewJersey Piscataway,NewJersey VOLUME 67 Plant Virus Epidemiology Edited by J. M. THRESH NaturalResourcesInstitute UniversityofGreenwich ChathamMaritime Kent,UnitedKingdom AMSTERDAM • BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:127) OXFORD (cid:127) PARIS (cid:127) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:127) SINGAPORE (cid:127) SYDNEY (cid:127) TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright(cid:1)2006,ElsevierInc.AllRightsReserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopy,recording,oranyinformation storageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthePublisher. Theappearanceofthecodeatthebottomofthefirstpageofachapterinthisbook indicatesthePublisher’sconsentthatcopiesofthechaptermaybemadefor personalorinternaluseofspecificclients.Thisconsentisgivenonthecondition, however,thatthecopierpaythestatedpercopyfeethroughtheCopyrightClearance Center,Inc.(www.copyright.com),forcopyingbeyondthatpermittedby Sections107or108oftheU.S.CopyrightLaw.Thisconsentdoesnotextendto otherkindsofcopying,suchascopyingforgeneraldistribution,foradvertising orpromotionalpurposes,forcreatingnewcollectiveworks,orforresale. Copyfeesforpre-2006chaptersareasshownonthetitlepages.Ifnofeecode appearsonthetitlepage,thecopyfeeisthesameasforcurrentchapters. 0065-3527/2006$35.00 PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone:(þ44)1865843830,fax:(þ44)1865853333, E-mail:[email protected] viatheElsevierhomepage(http://elsevier.com),byselecting‘‘Support&Contact’’ then‘‘CopyrightandPermission’’andthen‘‘ObtainingPermissions.’’ ForinformationonallElsevierAcademicPresspublications visitourWebsiteatwww.books.elsevier.com ISBN-13:978-0-12-039866-9 ISBN-10:0-12-039866-4 PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Wild Plants and Viruses: Under-Investigated Ecosystems IANCOOPERANDROGERA.C.JONES I. Introduction.......................................... 2 II. VirusesinWildFungiorAlgae............................ 4 III. VirusesinTerrestrialWildPlants ......................... 4 IV. WildPlantsasSourcesofVirusDiversity.................... 9 V. VirusPrevalence...................................... 10 VI. VirusAdaptationtoWildPlants........................... 14 VII. Co-occurrenceofInteractingViruses........................ 14 VIII. TheRoleofWildPlantsasReservoirs ...................... 17 IX. HypothesisTestingwithWildPlant–VirusSystems ............ 21 X. Conclusion........................................... 30 References........................................... 32 Genetic Diversity of Plant Virus Populations: Towards Hypothesis Testing in Molecular Epidemiology B.MOURY,C.DESBIEZ,M.JACQUEMOND,ANDH.LECOQ I. Introduction.......................................... 50 II. MethodsofMeasuringtheDiversityofPlantVirusPopulations ... 51 III. ObservedDiversityandStructureofPlantVirusPopulations..... 60 IV. InferringtheProcessesthatDeterminetheGeneticStructure andEvolutionofVirusPopulations......................... 62 V. Conclusions.......................................... 76 References........................................... 77 Plant Virus Epidemiology: The Concept of Host Genetic Vulnerability J.M.THRESH I. Introduction.......................................... 89 II. ExamplesofHostGeneticVulnerability..................... 90 III. Discussion........................................... 112 References........................................... 120 v vi CONTENTS History and Current Distribution of Begomoviruses in Latin America FRANCISCOJ.MORALES I. Introduction ......................................... 128 II. BegomovirusesasPathogensofCultivatedPlantSpecies........ 136 III. CurrentSituationandOutlook ........................... 151 References........................................... 153 Evolutionary Epidemiology of Plant Virus Disease M.J.JEGER,S.E.SEAL,ANDF.VANDENBOSCH I. EvolutionaryEpidemiology .............................. 164 II. PlantVirusEvolution .................................. 165 III. GeographicalSub-divisionandGeneticVariation.............. 177 IV. Interactions.......................................... 179 V. HostResistanceandPathogenVirulence.................... 186 VI. PlantVirusEpidemiology ............................... 190 VII. EvolutioninNaturalPlantCommunities.................... 193 VIII. EvolutionandEmergingDiseases ......................... 194 IX. Conclusions.......................................... 195 References........................................... 196 Control of Plant Virus Diseases ROGERA.C.JONES I. Introduction ......................................... 206 II. EffectivenessandReliabilityofControlMeasures ............. 208 III. DissectingHowControlMeasuresOperate................... 210 IV. CombiningControlMeasures............................. 221 V. EconomicConsiderations................................ 225 VI. ProblemsHinderingSuccess ............................. 229 VII. OpportunitiesfromNewTechnologies ...................... 232 VIII. Conclusions.......................................... 236 References........................................... 238 Control of Tropical Plant Virus Diseases J.M.THRESH I. Introduction ......................................... 246 II. ControlMeasures ..................................... 246 III. ControlofFourImportantTropicalDiseases ................. 267 IV. Discussion........................................... 282 References........................................... 286 CONTENTS vii Begomovirus Evolution and Disease Management S.E.SEAL,M.J.JEGER,ANDF.VANDENBOSCH I. Introduction.......................................... 297 II. RolesofVector,VirusesandHostPlantsintheEmergenceof BegomovirusEpidemics................................. 298 III. HostPlant–Virus–VectorInteractionsandtheEvolution ofBegomoviruses...................................... 305 IV. CroppingPracticesandSustainableDiseaseManagement ....... 306 V. InternationalTrafficandSpreadofBegomovirusDiseases ....... 309 VI. Conclusions.......................................... 310 References........................................... 311 Transgenic Papaya: Development, Release, Impact and Challenges DENNISGONSALVES I. Introduction.......................................... 318 II. PapayaandPapayaringspotvirus(PRSV)................... 319 III. RationaleforPRSVWorkinHawaii........................ 321 IV. DevelopmentofTransgenicPapaya ........................ 322 V. FieldTestsCoincidewithPRSVInvasionofPuna.............. 324 VI. DeregulationandCommercializationofTransgenicPapaya....... 328 VII. EarlyAdoptionRateofTransgenicPapaya................... 330 VIII. ImpactofTransgenicPapaya............................. 331 IX. ChallengesFacingtheHawaiianPapayaIndustry ............. 336 X. FactorsthatInfluencedtheTimelyDeploymentofTransgenic PapayainHawaii ..................................... 342 XI. EffortstoTransferTechnologytoOtherCountries ............. 344 XII. FinalComments ...................................... 352 References........................................... 353 Cassava Mosaic Virus Disease in East and Central Africa: Epidemiology and Management of a Regional Pandemic J.P.LEGG,B.OWOR,P.SSERUWAGI,ANDJ.NDUNGURU I. Introduction.......................................... 356 II. DevelopmentandSpreadoftheCassavaMosaicDisease(CMD) PandemicinEastandCentralAfrica....................... 358 III. EconomicandSocialImpactoftheCMDPandemic............. 374 IV. ManagementoftheCMDPandemic........................ 380 V. NewThreats......................................... 401 VI. Conclusions.......................................... 407 References........................................... 409 viii CONTENTS Host-Plant Viral Infection Effects on Arthropod-Vector Population Growth, Development and Behaviour: Management and Epidemiological Implications J.COLVIN,C.A.OMONGO,M.R.GOVINDAPPA,P.C.STEVENSON, M.N.MARUTHI,G.GIBSON,S.E.SEAL,ANDV. MUNIYAPPA I. Introduction ......................................... 420 II. Vector–Virus–HostPlantInteractions ...................... 421 III. StudiesontheTomatoLeafCurlPathosysteminIndia ......... 428 IV. StudiesontheCassavaMosaicPathosysteminAfrica .......... 431 V. ConcludingRemarks................................... 439 References........................................... 445 The Migration of Insect Vectors of Plant and Animal Viruses D.R.REYNOLDS,J.W.CHAPMAN,ANDR.HARRINGTON I. Introduction ......................................... 454 II. TechniquesfortheStudyofVectorMigration................. 457 III. Ascent,TransmigrationandLandingPhasesofVectorMigration.. 466 IV. VectorsofPlantViruses................................. 471 V. VectorsofPathogenicAgentsofAnimals .................... 488 VI. ModellingtheMigrationofPlantVirusVectors ............... 498 VII. Discussion........................................... 500 References........................................... 504 Index .............................................. 519 PREFACE ThePlantVirusEpidemiologyCommitteeoftheInternationalSocietyfor PlantPathologywasestablishedin1978.Theintentionfromtheoutsetwas to promote plant virus epidemiology by arranging a series of international conferences.NinesuchconferenceshavebeenheldandtheOxford,United Kingdom, gathering in 1981 and the one in Australia in 1983 led to Pro- ceedingsvolumes.SpecialissuesoftheElsevierjournalVirusResearchcon- tained papers based on material presented in Almeria, Spain (1999), and Aschersleben, Germany (2002). This led to an invitation to produce a spe- cial issue of Advances in Virus Research devoted exclusively to plant virus epidemiology and control. These topics have featured only occasionally in previous volumes of the Advances series and so this is an important precedent. Twelve chapters are included here and there are contributors from nine different countries. The chapters cover a wide range of topics and diseases of temperate, subtropical, and tropical crops. However, it is notable that thereisconsiderableemphasisonwhitefliesandwhitefly-borneviruses.This is understandable and appropriate because of the current importance of these viruses in many regions and the magnitude of the losses caused. Details are provided by F. J. Morales(pp. 127–162) from his experience in manypartsofLatinAmerica,andLeggetal.(pp.355–418)fromtheirstu- diesonthecurrentpandemicofcassavamosaicdisease(CMD)inEastand Central Africa. Morales describes how many different whitefly-borne viruses have been described in diverse crops in areas where they were previously unknown orunimportant.Inmanyinstances,thishasbeenassociatedwiththeintro- ductionandestablishmentofthedamagingBbiotypeofBemisiatabacithat causesdirectdamageandhasawiderhostrangethanthebiotypeoccurring previously. Very severe losses have occurred and these have undermined attempts to boost family incomes and national economies by exports of agricultural and horticultural produce. Leggetal.(pp.355–418)focusexclusivelyonthepandemicoftheparti- cularly severe form of CMD that has caused devastating losses over very largetractsofsub-SaharanAfrica.Thepandemichasaffectedthelivelihood and well-beingofhuman populations inareas that wereheavily dependent on cassava as the main staple food and source of rural income. Moreover, ix
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