Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, a Revised Edition

779 Pages·1996·41.42 MB·English

Plant Tissue Culture:
Theory and Practice, a Revised Edition
Plant Tissue Culture:
Theory and Practice, a Revised Edition
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P l a n t Tissue Culture:
Theory and Practice, a Revised Edition

Preface
Since the publication of this book, in 1983, several new and exciting
developments have taken place in the field of Plant Tissue Culture, and
it now forms a major component of what is popularly called Plant Bio-
technology. Many of the important crop plants which were then regarded
as recalcitrant are now amenable to regeneration from cultured proto-
plasts, cells, and calli, enabling subjection of these crops to improvement
by biotechnological methods of cell manipulation. Embryogenic cultures
can be established for most of the important crop plants, including many
hardwood and softwood tree species.
During the last decade the emphasis of research in tissue culture has
been on its industrial and agricultural applications. Chief among the
proven applications of plant tissue culture are the routine use of andro-
genesis in plant breeding programmes (Chapter 7), development of new
varieties through somaclonal and gametoclonal variant selection (Chap-
ter 9), production of industrial compounds (Chapter 17), regeneration of
transgenic plants from genetically manipulated cells (Chapter 15), clonal
propagation of horticultural and forest species (Chapter 16), and conser-
vation of germplasm of crop plants and endangered species (Chapter 18).
In the process of translating the laboratory protocols into commercial
protocols several problems were identified and research was focused on
finding solutions thereof. Until the early 1980s, for example, most of the
contributions on somatic embryogenesis concerned the differentiation of
structures that resembled embryos but when the protocols were critically
examined for application to commercial plant propagation it was soon
realized that the somatic embryos showed an extremely low degree of
germination owing to their physiological and biochemical immaturity.
This necessitated introduction of an additional stage of embryo matura-
tion to ensure an acceptably high rate of conversion of somatic embryos
into plantlets. Concurrently, mass production of somatic embryos in
bioreactors has been studied and synthetic seed technology has been de-
veloped to facilitate their mechanized field planting. Fermentor technol-
ogy has also been developed for large scale plant cell culture (Chapter 4)
required in industrial production of secondary plant products.
These developments and the gratifying world-wide response the earlier
edition of this book received, provided the impetus to update it under the
earlier title. All the chapters in the first edition have been thoroughly
revised without disturbing the original character. Two new chapters, one
vi
on 'Production of Industrial Compounds' (Chapter 17) and another on
'Genetic Engineering' (Chapter 14), have been added. The chapter on
'Cytogenetic Studies' has been revised with emphasis on applied aspects
and retitled as ~Variant Selection' (Chapter 9).
When the revision of the book was contemplated, I did not realize the
magnitude of the task. The proliferation of literature has been such that
each chapter or, in some instances, even a section of it can be and indeed
has been developed as a book. The last decade has witnessed movement
of many tissue culture scientists from public sector institutions to private
commercial laboratories which are making notable contributions. How-
ever, due to this shift from the 'open research system' of universities and
government institutes to the 'closely guarded research system' of indus-
try, the scientific information often remains unknown until the process
and/or the product are patented.
I hope that our earnest endeavour will have a greater reception by
students, teachers and plant scientists interested in both theoretical and
applied aspects of plant tissue culture.
I am indebted to my co-author, Dr M.K. Razdan, for his help and co-
operation in completing the manuscript. I am highly obliged to Dr Arlette
Reynaerte for valuable suggestions on the manuscript of Chapter 14. I
am grateful to several of my colleagues and students, particularly Profes-
sor S.P. Bhatnagar, Dr W. Marubashi, Mr A.P. Raste, Dr P.K. Dantu,
Himani Pande, Pradeep Kumar, Ashwani Kumar, Dennis Thomas,
Deepali Saxena and Sushma Arora for their help in various ways. I
thank Mr S.K. Das, Mr J.P. Narayan and Mr Manwar Singh for their
constant cooperation in photography and preparation of the illustrations
and the manuscript, respectively.
The task of completing this book could not have been accomplished
without the patience and understanding of my wife, Shaku. I lovingly
dedicate this book to her.
Sant Saran Bhojwani
Delhi, India
February 29, 1996
vii
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1. Introductory history ........................................................................ 1
Chapter 2. Laboratory requirements and general techniques ......................... 19
Chapter 3. Tissue culture media ....................................................................... 39
Chapter 4. Cell culture ...................................................................................... 63
Chapter 5. Cellular totipotency ......................................................................... 95
Chapter 6. Somatic embryogenesis ................................................................... 125
Chapter 7. Haploid production .......................................................................... 167
Chapter 8. Triploid production .......................................................................... 215
Chapter 9. Variant selection .............................................................................. 231
Chapter 10. In vitro pollination and fertilization ............................................... 269
Chapter 11. Zygotic embryo culture .................................................................... 297
Chapter 12. Protoplast isolation and culture ..................................................... 337
Chapter 13. Somatic hybridization and cybridization ........................................ 373
Chapter 14. Genetic engineering ......................................................................... 407
Chapter 15. Production of pathogen-free plants ................................................. 451
Chapter 16. Clonal propagation .......................................................................... 483
Chapter 17. Production of secondary metabolites .............................................. 537
Chapter 18. Germplasm storage ......................................................................... 563
Glossary of terms commonly used in plant tissue culture .................................. 589
References ............................................................................................................. 603
Subject and plant index ........................................................................................ 749
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ERRATA
Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, a Revised Edition
S.S. B hojwani and M.K. Razdan
ISBN: 0.444.81623.2
The lines below should read as follows.
Page 184 - line 10
buds centrifuged at 400 g for 4, 8 or 12 min or at 280 g for 5 or 10 min. All
Page 193 - line 5
A 12 h pulse treatment of pollen grains with 25 mg 1" ~ of colchicine, an
Page 425 - line 36
rice (Christou et al., 1991) and maize (Gordon Kamm et al., 1990), thus