Plant Taxonomy The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data PDF
Preview Plant Taxonomy The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data
Plant Taxonomy Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 1 10/24/08 12:57:54 PM Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 2 10/24/08 12:57:54 PM Plant Taxonomy The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data Second Edition Tod F. Stuessy Professor of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany U n i V e R s i t Y o F V i e n n a C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S N E W Y O R K Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 3 10/24/08 12:57:55 PM Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2009 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stuessy, Tod F. Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data / Tod Stuessy—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-231-14712-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-51864-2 (ebook : alk. paper) 1. Plants—Classification I. Title QK95.S78 2008 580.1´2—dc22 2008028614 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. This book is printed on paper with recycled content. Printed in the United States of America c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared. Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 4 10/24/08 12:57:55 PM To James C. Benton W. Preston Adams B. L. Turner Inspiring teachers of biology, systematics, and the world at large and Friedrich Ehrendorfer Critical researcher, enthusiastic scientist, and supportive friend Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 5 10/24/08 12:57:56 PM Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 6 10/24/08 12:57:56 PM Contents Preface to the First Edition ............................................................... xv Preface to the Second Edition ...........................................................xvii Acknowledgments for the First Edition ..................................................xix Acknowledgments for the Second Edition ............................................... xxi PA RT ONE Principles of Taxonomy .................................................. 1 Section 1 The Meaning of Classifi cation ............................................................ 3 chapter 1 A Few Defi nitions ........................................................... 5 Classifi cation, Taxonomy, and Systematics .................................... 5 Nomenclature ................................................................ 9 Identifi cation .................................................................. 9 Biosystematics ................................................................ 9 Experimental Taxonomy .....................................................10 New Systematics ............................................................10 Comparative Biology ........................................................11 chapter 2 The Relevance of Systematics ..............................................13 Importance of Systematics in Society ........................................13 Contributions of Systematics to Biology .....................................16 chapter 3 The Importance and Universality of Classifi cation .........................19 Process of Classifi cation .....................................................20 Hierarchical System of Classes ..............................................21 chapter 4 Characters ..................................................................25 General Terms ...............................................................26 Roles of Characters and States ...............................................28 Kinds of Characters .........................................................28 Criteria for Selecting Characters and States .................................32 Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 7 10/24/08 12:57:57 PM viii contents Section 2 Different Approaches to Biological Classification .......................................37 chapter 5 The Anatomy of Classification and the Artificial Approach ................39 Aesthetics and Classification .................................................39 Process of Classification .....................................................41 Artificial Classification .......................................................42 chapter 6 Natural and Phyletic Approaches ...........................................45 Natural Classification ........................................................46 Phyletic (Evolutionary) Classification ........................................47 Definitions of “Naturalness” .................................................49 chapter 7 The Phenetic Approach ....................................................51 Definitions ..................................................................52 History of Phenetics .........................................................53 Methodology of Phenetics ...................................................54 Impact of Phenetics .........................................................68 chapter 8 The Cladistic Approach .....................................................73 Definitions ..................................................................74 History of Cladistics .........................................................75 Methodology of Cladistics ...................................................78 Formal Classification .......................................................101 Impact of Cladistics ........................................................103 chapter 9 Evaluations of the Three Major Approaches and Explicit Phyletics ......111 Historical Influences .......................................................111 Previous Evaluations .......................................................113 Evaluation of the Process of Classification ..................................113 Evaluation of the Resultant Hierarchy ..................................... 114 Explicit Phyletics ...........................................................117 Hypothetical Taxa ..........................................................126 Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 8 10/24/08 12:57:57 PM contents ix Section 3 Concepts of Categories ................................................................129 chapter 10 The Taxonomic Hierarchy .................................................131 History ......................................................................132 Logical Structure ...........................................................132 chapter 11 The Species ................................................................137 History of Species Concepts ................................................138 Reality of Species ...........................................................140 Naturalness of Species ......................................................142 Species as Individuals ......................................................142 Current Species Concepts ..................................................144 Recommended Species Concept for General Use ..........................150 chapter 12 The Subspecies, Variety, and Form ........................................153 History of Varietal and Subspecific Categories ..............................154 Difficulties in Application of Varietal and Subspecific Concepts ............155 Forms ......................................................................156 Biosystematic Infraspecific Categories ......................................157 Recommended Infraspecific Concepts .....................................158 chapter 13 The Genus .................................................................163 History of Generic Concepts ...............................................164 Types of Data Used to Delimit Genera .....................................166 Phenetic Delimitation of Genera ...........................................169 Cladistic Delimitation of Genera ...........................................169 Naturalness of Genera ......................................................169 Remodeling of Genera .....................................................169 Paleontological Genera .....................................................170 Monotypic Genera .........................................................171 Stuessy_FM_3rd.indd 9 10/24/08 12:57:58 PM
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