Plant Surface Microbiology

642 Pages·2008·11.67 MB·English

by  Dr. Ajit Varma

PLANT SURFACE MICROBIOLOGY
Ajit Varma
Lynette Abbott
Dietrich Werner
Rüdiger Hampp (Eds.)
Plant Surface
Microbiology
With 138 Figures,2 in Color
1 23
Professor Dr.Ajit Varma Professor Dr.Dietrich Werner
Director FG Zellbiologie und Angewandte Botanik
Amity Institiute of Microbial Sciences Philipps Universität Marburg
Amity University 35032 Marburg
Noida 201303 Germany
UP, India email:[email protected]
email:[email protected]
Professor Dr.Rüdiger Hampp
Professor Dr.Lynette Abbott Physiological Ecology ofPlants
School ofEarth and Geographical Sciences University ofTübingen
The University ofWestern Australia 72116 Tübingen
Nedlands WA 6009 Germany
Australia email:[email protected]
email:[email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-74050-6 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library ofCongress Control Number: 2007934913
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Preface
The complexity ofplant surface microbiology is based on combinations.A large
number of microbial species and genera interact with several hundred thou-
sand species ofhigher plants.At the same time,they interact with each other.
Therefore,this book describes only some very important model interactions
which have been studied intensively over the last years.The methods developed
for some important groups ofmicroorganisms can be used for a large number
ofother less studied interactions and combinations.The pace ofdiscovery has
been particularly fast at two poles ofbiological complexity,the molecular events
leading to changes in growth and differentiation,as well as the factors regulat-
ing the structure and diversity ofnatural populations and communities.
The area of plant surfaces is enormous.A single maize plant has a leaf
surface of up to 8000 cm2,a single beech tree has a leaf surface of around
4.5 million cm2.The leaf area index (LAI) varies from 0.45 in tundra areas
up to 14 in areas with a dense vegetation. Calculated for all plant surfaces
above ground,the surface area is more than 200millionkm2.This area is still
surpassed by the below ground surface areas of plants,especially those with
an extensive root hair system.For a single rye plant,a root hair surface of
around 400m2has been calculated.Even if this is an exceptional case,it can
be assumed that in many plants the root and root hair surface is ten times
larger than the surfaces of the above ground plant parts. This means that
more than 2000millionkm2of plant surface is present underground.Taking
both figures together,it exceeds the land surface area of the planet Earth of
149 million km2 by more than a factor of 10.
This volume summarizes and updates both the state ofknowledge and the-
ories and their possible biotechnological applications.It will thus be ofinter-
est to a diverse audience ofresearchers and instructors,especially biologists,
biochemists, agronomists, foresters, horticulturists, mycologists, soil scien-
tists, ecologists, plant physiologists, plant molecular biologists, geneticists,
and microbiologists.
In the planning ofthe book,invitations for contributions were extended to
leading international scientists working in the field ofplant surface microbi-
VI Preface
ology. The basic concepts in plant surface microbiology are discussed at
length in 30 chapters including a few specialized and innovative methodolo-
gies and novel techniques.The editors would like to express deep appreciation
to each contributor for his/her work,patience and attention to detail during
the entire production process.It is hoped that their reviews,interpretations,
and basic concepts will stimulate further research.We are confident that the
joint efforts ofthe authors and editors will contribute to a better understand-
ing ofthe advances in the study ofthe challenging area ofsurface microbiol-
ogy and will further stimulate progress in this field.
It has been a pleasure to edit this book,primarily due to the stimulating
cooperation ofthe contributors.We would like to express sincere thanks to all
the staff members of Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, especially, Drs. Dieter
Czeschlik and Jutta Lindenborn for their help and active cooperation during
the preparation ofthe book.
New Delhi,India Ajit Varma
Nedlands,Australia Lynette Abbott
Marburg,Germany Dietrich Werner
Tübingen,Germany Rüdiger Hampp
July 2003
Contents
1 The State ofthe Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ajit Varma,Lynette K.Abbott,Dietrich Werner
andRüdiger Hampp
Section A
2 Root Colonisation Following Seed Inoculation . . . . . . . 13
Thomas F.C.Chin-A-Woeng andBen J.J.Lugtenberg
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Bacterial Root Colonisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Analysis ofTomato Root Tip Colonisation
After Seed Inoculation Using a Gnotobiotic Assay . . . . . . 14
3.1 Description ofthe Gnotobiotic System . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Seed Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Growth and Preparation ofBacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4 Seed Inoculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.5 Analysis ofthe Tomato Root Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 Genetic Tools for Studying Root Colonisation . . . . . . . . 18
4.1 Marking and Selecting Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Rhizosphere-Stable Plasmids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Genetic and Metabolic Burdens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Behaviour ofRoot-Colonising
PseudomonasBacteria in a Gnotobiotic System . . . . . . . 22
5.1 Colonisation Strategies ofBacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2 Competitive Colonisation Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.3 Monocots versus Dicots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6 Influence ofAbiotic and Biotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
VIII Contents
6.1 Abiotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 Biotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 Methanogenic Microbial Communities Associated
with Aquatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
RalfConrad
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 Role ofPlants in Emission ofCH to the Atmosphere . . . . 35
4
3 Role ofPhotosynthates and Plant Debris for CH Production 38
4
4 Methanogenic Microbial Communities on Plant Debris . . . 40
5 Methanogenic Microbial Communities on Roots . . . . . . . 42
6 Interaction ofMethanogens and Methanotrophs . . . . . . . 44
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4 Role ofFunctional Groups ofMicroorganisms
on the Rhizosphere Microcosm Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . 51
Galdino Andrade
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 General Aspects ofFunctional Groups
ofSoil Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3 Carbon Cycle Functional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 Functional Groups ofMicroorganisms ofthe Nitrogen Cycle 55
5 Functional Groups ofMicroorganisms ofthe Sulphur Cycle 57
6 Functional Groups ofMicroorganisms
ofthe Phosphorus Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7 Dynamics ofthe Rhizosphere Functional Groups
ofMicroorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8 Relationship Among r and k Strategist Functional Groups . 61
9 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Dynamics
in the Rhizosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10 Dynamics Among the Functional Micro-Organism Groups
ofthe Carbon,Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycles . . 65
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Contents IX
5 Diversity and Functions ofSoil Microflora
in Development ofPlants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Ramesh Chander Kuhad,David Manohar Kothamasi,
K.K.Tripathi andAjay Singh
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2 Functional Diversity ofSoil Microflora . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3 Role ofSoil Microflora in Plant Development . . . . . . . . 76
3.1 Mycorrhiza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2 Actinorhiza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4 Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5 Lignocellulolytic Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4 Plant Growth Promoting Substances Produced
by Soil Microbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6 Signalling in the Rhizobia–Legumes Symbiosis . . . . . . . 99
Dietrich Werner
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2 The Signals from the Host Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.1 Phenylpropanoids:Simple Phenolics,Flavonoids
and Isoflavonoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.2 Metabolization ofFlavonoids and Isoflavonoids . . . . . . . 104
2.3 Vitamins as Growth Factors and Signal Molecules . . . . . . 106
3 Signals from the Microsymbionts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.1 Nod Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.2 Cyclic Glucans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3 Lipopolysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.4 Exopolysaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4 Signal Perception and Molecular Biology
ofNodule Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
X Contents
Section B
7 The Functional Groups ofMicro-organisms Used
as Bio-indicator on Soil Disturbance Caused
by Biotech Products such as Bacillus thuringiensis
and Bt Transgenic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Galdino Andrade
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2 General Aspects ofBacillus thuringiensis . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3 Survival in the Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4 History ofBacillus thuringiensis-Transgenic Plants . . . . . 124
5 Persistence ofthe Protein Crystal in the Soil . . . . . . . . . 125
6 Effect ofBacillus thuringiensisand Its Bio-insecticide
Protein on Functional Soil Microorganism Assemblage . . . 126
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8 The Use ofACC Deaminase-Containing
Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria to Protect Plants
Against the Deleterious Effects ofEthylene . . . . . . . . . 133
Bernard R.Glick andDonna M.Penrose
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
2 Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3 ACC Deaminase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.1 Treatment ofPlants with ACC Deaminase
Containing Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9 Interactions Between Epiphyllic Microorganisms
and LeafCuticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Lukas Schreiber,Ursula Krimm andDaniel Knoll
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
2 Physical and Chemical Parameters ofthe Phyllosphere . . . 147
3 LeafSurface Colonisation and Species Composition . . . . . 149
4 Alteration ofLeafSurface Wetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5 Interaction ofBacteria with Isolated Plant Cuticles . . . . . 152
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Contents XI
10 Developmental Interactions Between Clavicipitaleans
and Their Host Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
James F.White Jr.,Faith Belanger,Raymond Sullivan,
Elizabeth Lewis,Melinda Moy,William Meyer
andCharles W.Bacon
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2 Endophyte/Epibiont Niche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3 Coevolution ofClavicipitalean Fungi with Grass Hosts . . . 158
4 The Jump from Insects to Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.1 Trans-Kingdom Jump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.2 Intermediate Stages in the Transition to Plants . . . . . . . . 158
4.3 Parasitism ofGrass Meristematic Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5 Developmental Differentiation ofEndophytic
and Epiphyllous Mycelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.1 Plant Cell Wall Alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.2 Endophytic Mycelial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.3 Control ofEndophytic Mycelial Development . . . . . . . . 163
5.4 Epiphyllous Mycelial Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
5.5 Expression ofFungal Secreted Hydrolytic
Enzymes in Infected Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6 Modifications ofPlant Tissues for Nutrient Acquisition . . . 165
6.1 Development ofthe Stroma in Epichloë . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.2 Stroma Development in Myriogenospora . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.3 Mechanisms for Modifying Plant Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.4 Evaporative-Flow Mechanism for Nutrient Acquisition . . . 169
6.5 The Cytokinin Induction Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7 Evolution ofAsexual Derivatives ofEpichloë . . . . . . . . . 171
7.1 Reproduction and Loss ofSexual Reproduction . . . . . . . 171
7.2 The Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.3 The Process ofStroma Development and its Loss . . . . . . 173
7.4 The Shift from Pathogen to Mutualist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
References and Selected Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
11 Interactions ofMicrobes with Genetically Modified Plants . 179
Michael Kaldorf,Chi Zhang,Uwe Nehls,
Rüdiger Hampp andFrançois Buscot
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2 Changes in Microbial Communities Induced
by Genetically Modified Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181