Plant Signaling Peptides PDF
Preview Plant Signaling Peptides
Signaling and Communication in Plants Series Editors FrantisˇekBalusˇka Departmentof PlantCell Biology, IZMB, Universityof Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany JorgeM.Vivanco CenterforRhizosphereBiology,ColoradoStateUniversity,217ShepardsonBuilding, FortCollins, CO 80523-1173,USA For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8094 . Helen R. Irving Christoph Gehring l Editors Plant Signaling Peptides Editors HelenR.Irving ChristophGehring MonashInstituteofPharmaceutical DivisionofChemistry Sciences LifeScienceandEngineering MonashUniversity 4700KingAbdullahUniversityofScience Parkville andTechnology Australia Thuwal KingdomofSaudiArabia ISSN1867-9048 ISSN1867-9056(electronic) ISBN978-3-642-27602-6 ISBN978-3-642-27603-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-27603-3 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012940197 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication, neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsor omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothe materialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Proteinsandpeptidesformintegralparts ofallliving cells where their function is essential for the survival ofthe celland organism. Proteins are dynamic biomole- culesthatfunctioninmaintainingstructure,metabolism,andalsocellularcommu- nication. Peptidesarelooselydefinedassmallproteinscontaining50amino acids orless.Inplants,asinanimalsandotherorganisms,peptideshavediverserolesand participate in communication between cells. The focus of this volume is on the diverserolesthatpeptidesandsmallproteinshaveinintercellularandintracellular communication in plants. In part because of their immobile nature, plants have evolved a complex array of signaling molecules to facilitate their growth and developmentandtheirinteractionswiththeenvironment.Avastnumberofdiffer- entpeptidemoleculesmakeanimportant,butuntilrelativelyrecentlyoverlooked, component among these signaling molecules. As discussed in chapter “Plant Peptide Signaling: An Evolutionary Adaptation,” plant signaling peptides have evolved in several independent events with distinct and separate phylogenies to createadiverserepertoireofsignalingmolecules. Thisvolumefocusesontherolesofvariouspeptidesignalingmoleculesinplant growth, development, defense, and homeostasis. The roles of plant peptides in growth and development are discussed in chapters “Peptides Regulating Apical Meristem Development,”“PeptidesRegulatingRootGrowth,”“PeptidesRegulat- ing Plant Vascular Development,” and “The S-LOCUS CYSTEINE RICH PRO- TEIN (SCR): ASmall Peptide with aHigh Impact on the Evolutionof Flowering Plants.”Chapter“PeptidesRegulatingApicalMeristemDevelopment”reviewsthe well-understoodroleofpeptidesignalingintheshootapicalmeristemofthemodel plant Arabidopsis that in turn has led to the discovery of related peptides in other plants.Infact,themajorpeptideprotagonistinArabidopsisCLAVATA3(CLV3) and its maize homolog EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) contributed tothenamingofoneofthelargestsignalingpeptidegroups,theCLEpeptides.CLE peptidesareinvolvedinregulatingorganogenesisandhaverolesintherootgrowth and development which is discussed in chapter “Peptides Regulating Root v vi Preface Growth.”MembersoftheCLEpeptidesarealsoinvolvedinregulatingthedevel- opmentofthevascularcambiumwhichisreviewedinchapter“PeptidesRegulating Plant Vascular Development.” In addition, members of the CLE family are co- optedbylegumesduringthesymbiosisbetweenlegumesandrhizobiabacteria,as described in chapter “The Role of Plant Peptides in Symbiotic Interactions.” However,the storyof peptide signaling is notrestricted toone family ofpeptides and certainly in development is integrated with signals from other plant growth regulators.Otherpeptidesthatcontributetoorganogenesisandthemaintenanceof stem cells include phytosulfokines (PSKs), ENOD40, rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs),andtherecentlydiscoveredrootgrowthfactor(RGF).Specificandnovel peptidesareinvolvedinvariousdevelopmentalprocesses.ThefamilyofS-LOCUS CYSTEINE RICH PROTEINs (SCRs) has an important role as a determinant of self-incompatibilityinmembersoftheBrassicaceaewhichisdiscussedinchapter “TheS-LOCUSCYSTEINERICHPROTEIN(SCR):ASmallPeptidewithaHigh ImpactontheEvolutionofFloweringPlants.”Whileanotherrecentlycharacterized small family of peptides called EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTORs (EPFs) arealsocysteine-richpeptidesthathavearoleinregulatingstomataldevelopment, asreviewedinchapter“PeptidesModulatingDevelopmentofSpecializedCells.” Signalingpeptides also function ina wide range ofplantdefense responses. In fact, the first signaling peptide to be discovered and characterized was systemin which induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in leaves as a wound response. Since then, a myriad of plant defense proteins with diverse structures have been identified.Manyoftheseareantimicrobialproteinsandincludedefensins,thionins, and knottin-like peptides, as described in chapter “Plant Antimicrobial Peptides.” Other signaling peptides function as endogenous amplification signals of plant innateimmuneresponsesaspartofthepatternand/ormicrobe-associatedmolecular pattern(PAMP/MAMP)responsewhichisdiscussedinchapter“PeptidesasDan- ger Signals: MAMPs and DAMPs.” The signal exchange initiated by rhizobia employs and/or co-opts several plant signaling peptides in the host legume, as reviewedinchapter“TheRoleofPlantPeptidesinSymbioticInteractions.”Plant signaling peptides also have roles in maintaining overall plant homeostasis in addition to organogenesis and development, and in chapter “Peptides and the Regulation of Plant Homeostasis,” the role of the small protein plant natriuretic peptideisdescribed. Asitishighlylikelythattodate,onlyafewofthesignalingpeptidesareknown, and further plant peptide signaling molecules remain to be discovered, the last sectionofthisvolumetakesapracticallookatmethodstoidentifynewpeptidesand characterizetheirfunction.SignalingpeptidesusuallycontainanN-terminalsignal motifandaresecretedintotheextracellularmatrix(apoplast)where,insomecases, theyareproteolyticallycleaved.PeptidessuchasPSKandRGFarealsosulfatedon tyrosine residues, and some CLE peptides are hydroxylated on proline residues beforesecretion.Theprocessingofpeptidesisdescribedinchapter“Processingof Peptides”alongwithstrategiesforinvestigatingtheseprocesses.Inchapter“Meth- ods to Isolate and Identify New Plant Signaling Peptides,” the principles and methods for peptide purification are discussed. For signaling peptides to be Preface vii successfulascommunicatorsintheplant,specificpartnersarerequired,andgenetic and biochemical approaches to identify these partners are described in chapter “MethodstoIdentifyNewPartnersofPlantSignalingPeptides.”Finally,acompu- tationalapproachisoutlinedinchapter“Computational-BasedAnalysistoAssoci- ate the Function of Plant Signaling Peptides with Distinct Biological Processes” whereproteinsco-expressedwithPROPEP2areidentified. May2012 Parkville,Australia HelenR.Irving Thuwal,KingdomofSaudiArabia ChrisGehring . Contents PlantPeptideSignaling:AnEvolutionaryAdaptation ...................... 1 JanetI.WheelerandHelenR.Irving PeptidesRegulatingApicalMeristemDevelopment ....................... 25 MarcSomssichandRu¨digerSimon PeptidesRegulatingRootGrowth ........................................... 41 MargretSauter PeptidesRegulatingPlantVascularDevelopment .......................... 59 HirooFukuda TheS-LOCUSCYSTEINE-RICHPROTEIN(SCR): ASmallPeptidewithAHighImpactontheEvolution ofFloweringPlants ........................................................... 77 IsabelleFobis-Loisy,RumenIvanov,andThierryGaude PeptidesModulatingDevelopmentofSpecializedCells .................... 93 LeeHuntandJulieE.Gray PlantAntimicrobialPeptides ................................................ 107 TatyanaOdintsovaandTseziEgorov TheRoleofPlantPeptidesinSymbioticInteractions ..................... 135 VirginieMortier,UlrikeMathesius,andSofieGoormachtig PeptidesasDangerSignals:MAMPsandDAMPs ........................ 163 ThomasBollerandPascaleFlury ix x Contents PeptidesandtheRegulationofPlantHomeostasis ........................ 183 ChrisGehringandHelenR.Irving ProcessingofPeptides ....................................................... 199 RenuSrivastavaandStephenH.Howell MethodstoIsolateandIdentifyNewPlantSignalingPeptides ........... 217 SunilSagar,ChrisGehring,andKennethP.Minneman MethodstoIdentifyNewPartnersofPlantSignalingPeptides .......... 241 MelinkaA.Butenko,MarkusAlbert,andReidunnB.Aalen Computational-BasedAnalysistoAssociatetheFunction ofPlantSignalingPeptideswithDistinctBiologicalProcesses ........... 257 StuartMeierandLaraDonaldson Index .......................................................................... 279
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