Plant Responses to Abiotic Stress (Topics in Current Genetics)

320 Pages·2003·6.97 MB·English

by  H. Hirt

4
Topics in Current Genetics
Series Editor:Stefan Hohmann
Springer
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Heribert Hirt ¥ Kazuo Shinozaki (Eds.)
Plant Responses
to Abiotic Stress
With 31 Figures,1 in Color;and 5 Tables
123
Professor Dr.HERIBERTHIRT Dr.KAZUOSHINOZAKI
Institute for Microbiology Plant Functional Genomics
and Genetics Research Group
Biocenter RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center &
Dr.Bohrgasse 9 Laboratory ofPlant Molecular Biology
1030 Vienna RIKEN Tsukuba Institute
Austria 3-1-1 Koyadai,Tsukuba
Ibaraki 304-0074
Japan
The cover illustration depicts pseudohyphal filaments of the ascomycete Saccharomyces cerevisiae
that enable this organism to forage for nutrients.Pseudohyphal filaments were induced here in a wild-
type haploid MATa S1278b strain by an unknown readily diffusible factor provided by growth in con-
frontation with an isogenic petite yeast strain in a sealed petri dish for two weeks and photographed
at 100X magnification (provided by Xuewen Pan and Joseph Heitman).
ISSN 1610-2096
ISBN 3-540-20037-1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
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List of contributors
Bartels, Dorothea
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Physiology of
Plants, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Neth-
erlands

Chinnusamy, Viswanathan
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA

Christmann, Alexander
Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4,
85354 Freising, Germany

Desikan, Radhika
Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University
of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK

Fujita, Miki
Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research
Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute,
1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan

Grill, Erwin
Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4,
85354 Freising, Germany

Hancock, John T.
Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University
of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK

Heino, Pekka
Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Box
56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Hirt, Heribert
Gregor-Mendel-Institute for Molecular Plant Sciences and Max-Perutz Labora-
tories of the University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, 1030
Vienna, Austria

Kamei, Ayako
Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Ko-
yadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
XII
Krishna, Priti
Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada
N6A 5B7

Meinhard, Michael
Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4,
85354 Freising, Germany

Mikami, Koji
Department of Regulation Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Oka-
zaki 444-8585, Japan

Murata, Norio
Department of Regulation Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Oka-
zaki 444-8585, Japan

Neill, Steven J.
Centre for Research in Plant Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University
of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK

Oono, Youko
Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Ko-
yadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan and
Master’s Program in Biosystem Studies, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan

Palva, E. Tapio
Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Box
56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland

Polle, Andrea
Forstbotanisches Institut, Georg-August Universität, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göt-
tingen, Germany

Sakurai, Tetsuya
Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research
Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute,
1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan

Satou, Masakazu
Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research
Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute,
1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
List of contributors XIII
Schützendübel, Andres
Department of Microbiology Ecology, University Lund, Ecology Building,
SE-22362 Lund, Sweden

Seki, Motoaki
Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research
Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute,
1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan and
Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Ko-
yadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan

Shinozaki, Kazuo
Plant Mutation Exploration Team, Plant Functional Genomics Research
Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center (GSC), RIKEN Yokohama Institute,
1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan and
Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Ko-
yadai, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan

Souer, Erik
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecology and Physiology of
Plants, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Neth-
erlands

Suzuki, Iwane
Department of Regulation Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Oka-
zaki 444-8585, Japan

Ulm, Roman
Institute of Biology II/ Botany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-
79104 Freiburg, Germany

Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Kazuko
Biological Resources Division, Japan International Research Center for
Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and
Fisheries, 2-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan

Zhu, Jian-Kang
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Table of contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................1
Heribert Hirt.......................................................................................................1
Water stress...................................................................................................2
Salt stress.......................................................................................................2
Low temperature stress..................................................................................3
ABA as abiotic stress signalling hormone.....................................................4
Heat stress.....................................................................................................4
Oxidative stress.............................................................................................5
Heavy metal stress.........................................................................................6
Genotoxic stress............................................................................................6
Stress transcriptome analysis.........................................................................7
Stress sensors in the model organism Synechocystis.....................................8
1 Molecular responses of higher plants to dehydration.....................................9
Dorothea Bartels and Erik Souer.......................................................................9
Abstract.........................................................................................................9
1.1 Introduction.............................................................................................9
1.2 Plant species and experimental systems used in molecular studies.......10
1.3 Abscisic acid (ABA).............................................................................11
1.4 The perception of water stress...............................................................13
1.4.1 Histidine kinases............................................................................13
1.4.2 The role of kinases and phosphatases in the response to water
deficit......................................................................................................14
1.4.2 Calcium signalling.........................................................................16
1.4.3 Heterotrimeric G-proteins..............................................................17
1.4.4 Phospholipid signalling..................................................................17
1.5 Transcriptional control..........................................................................19
1.5.1 The ABA responsive element........................................................22
1.5.2 The dehydration-responsive element.............................................22
1.5.3 The SAP domain............................................................................23
1.5.4 Myb and helix-loop-helix domains................................................24
1.5.5 Homeodomain proteins..................................................................25
1.5.6 An RNA as a signalling molecule?................................................25
1.5.7 Positioning of signals in the network.............................................26
1.6 Dehydration-activated proteins.............................................................26
1.6.1 The accumulation of compatible solutes........................................26
1.6.2 Genes that encode proteins with protective functions....................27
1.6.3 Reactive oxygen intermediates......................................................28
1.7 Conclusions and outlook.......................................................................28
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................30
References...................................................................................................30
VI Table of contents
Abbreviations..............................................................................................37
2 Abscisic acid signalling....................................................................................39
Alexander Christmann, Erwin Grill and Michael Meinhard............................39
Abstract.......................................................................................................39
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................39
2.2 Systems used to study ABA signal transduction...................................40
2.3 ABA biosynthesis..................................................................................41
2.3.1 Reactions generating substrates for NCED....................................43
2.3.2 NCED-catalyzed cleavage reaction...............................................43
2.3.3 Formation of ABA from xanthoxin...............................................43
2.3.4 Feedback regulation of ABA biosynthesis....................................44
2.4. Signalling components.........................................................................44
2.4.1 ABA- Receptor..............................................................................44
2.4.2 Intracellular messengers................................................................45
2.4.3 G-proteins......................................................................................49
2.4.4. Farnesyltransferase ERA1............................................................50
2.4.5 Protein phosphatases......................................................................50
2.4.6 Protein kinases...............................................................................53
2.4.7 Transcriptional regulators..............................................................54
2.5 RNA and protein turnover during ABA response.................................57
2.6 Cross-talk..............................................................................................58
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................58
References...................................................................................................58
3 Plant responses to heat stress..........................................................................73
Priti Krishna.....................................................................................................73
Abstract.......................................................................................................73
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................73
3.2 Major families of heat shock proteins...................................................74
3.2.1 Hsp100...........................................................................................74
3.2.2 Hsp90.............................................................................................75
3.2.3 Hsp70.............................................................................................76
3.2.4 Small hsps......................................................................................77
3.2.5 The Chaperonins............................................................................78
3.3 Transcriptional regulation of hsps.........................................................79
3.3.1 Structure of plant Hsfs...................................................................80
3.3.2 Regulation of plant Hsfs................................................................80
3.4 Ca2+ and heat shock response................................................................87
3.5 Hormones and heat stress response.......................................................88
3.6 Relationship between heat and other stresses........................................90
3.7 Developmental regulation of shsps by Hsfs..........................................91
3.8 Future directions....................................................................................92
Acknowledgements.....................................................................................93
References...................................................................................................93
Table of contents VII
4 Sensors of abiotic stress in Synechocystis......................................................103
Koji Mikami, Iwane Suzuki and Norio Murata.............................................103
Abstract.....................................................................................................103
4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................103
4.2 Hik33 as a cold sensor.........................................................................104
4.3 Hik33 as a sensor of hyperosmotic stress............................................106
4.4 Perception of multiple stresses by Hik33............................................106
4.5 Hik16, Hik33, and Hik34 as salt sensors.............................................108
4.6 Hik7 and Rre29 as the sensor and signal transducer of a phosphate
deficit.........................................................................................................108
4.7 Sensors of metal ions...........................................................................109
4.7.1 Hik27 and Rre16 as the sensor and signal transducer of
manganese deficiency...........................................................................110
4.7.2 Hik30 and Rre33 as the sensor and signal transducer of an
excess of Ni2+ ions................................................................................112
4.8 Comparative analysis of histidine kinases (Hiks) in cyanobacteria.....112
4.9 Future perspectives..............................................................................113
Acknowledgements...................................................................................114
References.................................................................................................114
5 Oxidative stress signalling.............................................................................121
Radhika Desikan, John T. Hancock and Steven J. Neill................................121
Abstract.....................................................................................................121
5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................121
5.2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS)..........................................................122
5.3 Redox balance and the generation and removal of ROS.....................124
5.3.1 Redox balance..............................................................................124
5.3.2. ROS generation...........................................................................124
5.3.3 Removal of ROS..........................................................................128
5.4 Cellular responses...............................................................................130
5.4.1 Effects on gene expression...........................................................130
5.4.2 Signalling.....................................................................................134
5.5 H O biology.......................................................................................137
2 2
5.5.2 H O and stomata.........................................................................139
2 2
5.5.3 H O and roots.............................................................................140
2 2
5.5.4 Anoxia and H O ..........................................................................140
2 2
5.6 Conclusions.........................................................................................141
References.................................................................................................141
Abbreviations............................................................................................148
6 Signal transduction in plant cold acclimation..............................................151
Pekka Heino and E. Tapio Palva....................................................................151
Abstract.....................................................................................................151
6.1 Introduction.........................................................................................151
6.1.1 Low temperature stress................................................................151
6.1.2 Cold acclimation..........................................................................152