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Plant Resource Allocation (Physiological Ecology) PDF

319 Pages·1997·15.16 MB·English
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Plant Resource Allocation This is a volume in the PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY series Edited by Harold A. Mooney A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of the volume. Plant Resource Allocation Edited by Fakhri A. Bazzaz Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University The Biological Laboratories Cambridge, Massachusetts John Grace Institute of Ecology & Resource Management School of Forestry & Ecological Sciences The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JU, United Kingdom Academic Press San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto Cover photo credit: Rich Knavel (Sequoia tree). This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright (cid:14)9 1997 by ACADEMIC PRESS All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press a division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.apnet.com Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX, UK http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plant resource allocation / edited by Fakhri A. Bazzaz, John Grace. p. cm. -- (Physiological ecology series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-12-083490-1 1. Plant resource allocation. I. Bazzaz, F. A. (Fakhri A.) II. Grace, J. (John), date. III. Series: Physiological ecology. QK717.P58 1997 581.7--dc21 97-12027 CIP PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 97 98 99 00 01 02 EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors ix Preface xi 1. Allocation of Resources in Plants: State of the Science and Critical Questions Fakhri A. Bazzaz I. The Plant Functions as a Balanced System: Flexibility of Mlocation 1 II. Controls on Carbohydrate Manufacture and Mlocation: The Role of Nitrogen 4 III. Currency of Mlocation and Costs of Construction: Keeping Track of Total Carbon Flux 7 IV. The Mlocation of Resources Other Than Mass: Are N, P, K, Mg, and Others Mlocated as a Fixed Proportion of Mass or Carbon? 8 V. Physiological and Demographic Costs: Are They Separable? 10 VI. Mlocation and Resource Congruency 12 VII. Switching from Vegetative Growth to Reproduction: Size, Mass, or Age? 12 VIII. Resource Mlocation to Reproduction: Quantity and Quality 16 IX. Clonal Plants and Mlocation: Are There Trade-offs between Sexual and Asexual Reproduction? 18 X. Allocation to Defensive Chemicals 22 XI. Mlocation in a Globally Changing Environment 27 References 30 2. The Fate of Acquired Carbon in Plants: Chemical Composition and Construction Costs Hendrik Poorter and Rafael Villar I. Introduction 39 II. Integration Level 40 III. Chemical Composition 41 IV. Covariation in Plant Compounds 46 V. Mechanistic Explanations for Variation in Chemical Composition 50 VI. Construction Costs 53 VII. Ecological Consequences 62 VIII. Summary 63 IX. Appendix 1 64 vi Contents X. Appendix 2 66 References 68 3. Resource Allocation in Variable Environments: Comparing Insects and Plants Carol L. Boggs I. Introduction 73 II. Background: Resource Allocation within an Individual 75 III. Age-Specific Allocation Responses to Variable Environments 77 IV. Individual Allocation Responses to Variable Environments 82 V. Among-Population Responses to Variable Environments 85 VI. Conclusions 89 References 89 4. Biomass Allocation and Water Use under Arid Conditions Hermann Heilmeier, Markus Erhard, and E.-Detlef Schulze I. Introduction 93 II. The Special Case of Woody Plants 94 III. A Semicontrolled Experiment on Biomass Allocation and Water Use under Different Water Availabilities with Prunus dulcis 96 IV. Conclusions 107 References 109 5. Organ Preformation, Development, and Resource Allocation in Perennials Monica A. Geber, Maxine A. Watson, and Hans de Kroon I. Introduction 113 II. Organ Preformation in Plants 115 III. Demographic Implications of Developmental Variation 120 IV. Matrix Model 127 V. Conclusions 135 References 137 6. Optimality Approaches to Resource Allocation in Woody Tissues R. M. Sibly and J. F. V. Vincent I. Introduction 143 II. Life-History Analysis and the Optimality Approach 144 III. Costs of Lignification in Early Seedling Growth 146 IV. Benefits of Lignification in the Horizontal Branches of Trees 151 V. General Discussion 154 VI. Conclusions 155 VII. Appendix 1 156 VIII. Appendix 2 157 References 158 Contents vii 7. Resource Allocation Patterns in Clonal Herbs and Their Consequences for Growth Michael J. Hutchings I. Introduction 161 II. Interpretation of Data on Resource Mlocation Patterns 163 III. Resource Allocation Patterns of Clonal Species in Homogeneous Growing Conditions 164 IV. Resource Allocation Patterns in Clonal Species Growing under Heterogeneous Conditions 174 V. Consequences of Localized Responses by Clonal Herbs to Heterogeneous Habitat Conditions 179 VI. Conclusions 185 References 186 8. Trade-offs between Reproduction and Growth Influence Time of Reproduction Edward G. Reekie I. Introduction 191 II. Theoretical Models 194 III. Growth after the Induction of Reproduction 195 IV. Effect of Reproduction on Growth in Monocarpic Plants 196 V. Implications for Mlocation Patterns 203 VI. Conclusions 206 References 206 9. Size-Dependent Allocation to Male and Female Reproduction Peter G. L. Klinkhamer and 7. J. de Jong I. Introduction 211 II. Fitness Gain Curves in Animal-Pollinated Plants 213 III. Plant Size and Gender in Cynoglossum officinale 215 IV. Causal Explanations for Increasing Femaleness with Plant Size 218 V. Is the Sex Mlocation Pattern Found in Cynoglossum officinale Representative for Other Hermaphrodite Animal-Pollinated Monocarpic Plants? 221 VI. Is Increased Emphasis on Female Reproduction with Plant Size in Insect-Pollinated Plants Adaptive? A Comparison between Animal- and Wind-Pollinated Plants 224 References 226 10. Allocation, Leaf Display, and Growth in Fluctuating Light Environments David Ackerly I. Introduction 231 II. Rate and Pattern Response Following an Environmental Change 237 VIII Contents III. Plant Growth and Mlocation in Fluctuating Light Environments 244 IV. Tracking a Randomly Varying Environment 254 V. Conclusions and Speculations 257 VI. Appendix 261 References 262 11. Allocation Theory and Chemical Defense Manuel Lerdau and Jonathon Gershenzon I. Life History and Ecophysiological Models 265 II. Total Cost Calculations 269 III. Full Costs and Constitutive versus Induced Defenses 273 IV. Summary 274 References 275 12. Toward Models of Resource Allocation by Plants John Grace I. Introduction 279 II. Functional Equilibrium Models 281 III. Can the Most Simple Models Be Useful? 282 IV. Rules for Mlocation to Wood 286 V. Remaining Difficulties 288 References 289 Index 293 Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. David Ackerly (231), Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford Univer- sity, Stanford, California 94305 Fakhri A. Bazzaz (1), Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Biological Laboratories, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Carol L. Boggs (73), Center for Conservation Biology, Department of Bio- logical Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; and Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado 81224 T. J. de Jong (211), Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Hans de Kroon (113), Department of Terrestrial Ecology and Nature Con- servation, Agricultural University, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Nether- lands Markus Erhard (93), Department of Plant Ecology, University Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany MonicaA. Geber (113), Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, New York 14853 Jonathon Gershenzon (265), Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Washington State University, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Pullman, Washington 99164 John Grace (279), Institute of Ecology & Resource Management, School of Forestry & Ecological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edin- burgh EH9 3JU, United Kingdom Hermann Heilmeier (93), Department of Plant Ecology, University Bay- reuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany Michael J. Hutchings (161), School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, United Kingdom Peter G. L. Klinkhamer (211), Institute of Evolutionary and Ecological Sciences, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Manuel Lerdau (265), Department of Ecology and Evolution, State Univer- sity of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794 Hendrik Poorter (39), Department of Plan t Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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This book is an exploration of the latest insights into the theory and functioning of plant resource allocation. An international team of physiological ecologists has prepared chapters devoted to the fundamental topics of resource allocation. Key Features* Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of re
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