Plant Reproduction (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 6)

315 Pages·2002·26.699 MB·English

by  Sharman D. O'Neill, Jeremy A. Roberts

Plant Reproduction
Annual Plant Reviews
A series for researchers and postgraduates in the plant sciences. Each
volume in this annual series will focus on a theme of topical importance
and emphasis will be placed on rapid publication.
Editorial Board:
Professor Jeremy A. Roberts (Editor-in-Chief), Plant Science Division,
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington
Campus, Loughborough, Leics, LEI2 5RD, UK.
Professor Hidemasa Imaseki, Obata-Minami 2419, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya
463, Japan.
Dr Michael McManus, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology.
Massey University, Private Bay, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Professor Sharman D. O'Neill, Section of Plant Biology, Division of
Biological Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8537, USA.
Professor David G. Robinson, Zellenlehre, Universitat Heidelberg, Im
Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg. Germany.
Titles in the series:
1. Arabidopsis
Edited by M. Anderson and J. Roberts.
2. Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism
Edited by M. Wink.
3. Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in
Biotechnology
Edited by M. Wink.
4. Molecular Plant Pathology
Edited by M. Dickinson and J. Beynon.
5. Vacuolar Compartments
Edited by D.G. Robinson and J.C. Rogers.
6. Plant Reproduction
Edited by S.D. O'Neill and J.A. Roberts.
Plant Reproduction
Edited by
SHARMAN D. O'NEILL
Section of Plant Biology
Division of Biological Science
University of California, Davis, USA
and
JEREMY A. ROBERTS
Plant Science Division
School of Biosciences
University of Nottingham, UK
CRC Press
First published 2002
Copyright © 2002 Sheffield Academic Press
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Preface
Reproduction is the final stage in the life cycle of a plant. The developmental
changes occurring during this event result in the production of the inflores-
cence and floral meristem, floral organ primordia, ovules and pollen, embryos
and seeds. Each of these reproductive tissues is produced sequentially along
the floral axis, reflecting the activity of the reproductive meristem as cell
division affects the penultimate outcome of the genetic programme to
reproduce sexually.
This volume provides an overview of our understanding of plant repro-
duction in a sequence that recapitulates the process of reproduction itself.
The initial chapters focus on the transition to flowering and synthesize state-
of-the-art knowledge of this topic from physiological, molecular and genetic
perspectives. The sequence of events leading to pollen and ovule develop-
ment is then described and the mechanisms by which gamete fusion leads to
formation of the embryo and endosperm are considered. Self-incompatibility
mechanisms are evaluated and formation of embryos in the absence of fer-
tilization is discussed. The final chapter details mechanisms that regulate
floral organ senescence.
The volume combines the interdisciplinary perspectives of cell biology,
biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and developmental
biology. Each chapter is authored by a chosen expert in the field. The next
frontier will be to understand the cellular basis of developmental changes.
For example, we will need to understand the molecular events that occur
during cell division and the signaling events that drive developmental change,
resulting in the differentiation of ovules, pollen, gametes, embryos and seeds.
These frontier areas will require the application of interdisciplinary research,
using advanced genomic technologies and approaches, and will require par-
ticipation and collaboration of the international community of plant scientists
in investigating the functions of gene networks responsible for reproductive
development. Finally, with advances in the field of evolution and phylogeny,
plant scientists will begin to view reproductive development from an evo-
lutionary perspective. This volume is a strong foundation for these future
endeavors.
Sharman D. O'Neill
Jeremy A. Roberts
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Contributors
Professor Richard Amasino Department of Biochemistry, University of
Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison,
WI 53706-1544, US A
Professor Georges Bernier Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of
Botany, University of Liege, B22 Sart
Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
Dr Roy C. Brown Department of Biology, University of Lou-
isiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-
2451, US A
Mr David Chevalier Institute of Plant Biology, University of
Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008
Zurich, Switzerland
Mr Mark Doyle Department of Biochemistry, University of
Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison,
WI 53706-1544, USA
Dr Anna M. Koltunow CSIRO Plant Industry, Horticulture Unit,
PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Aus-
tralia, 5064, Australia
Dr Betty E. Lemmon Department of Biology, University of Lou-
isiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-
2451, US A
Dr Jinhong Li Centre for Plant Sciences, University of
Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
Dr Ed Newbigin Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School
of Botany, University of Melbourne, Vic-
toria 3010, Australia
Ms Hong Nguyen Department of Biology, University of Lou-
isiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504-
2451, US A
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Mr Nicholas Paech CSIRO Plant Industry, Horticulture Unit,
PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Aus-
tralia, 5064, Australia
Dr Luis Perez-Grau J.R. Simplot Company, Plant Sciences
Division, 5369 W. Irving Street, Boise,
Idaho 83706, USA
Dr Claire Perilleux Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Institute of
Botany, University of Liege. B22 Sart
Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
Dr Kay Schneitz Institute of Plant Biology, University of
Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107. CH-8008
Zurich, Switzerland
Mr Si-Bum Sung Department of Biochemistry, University of
Wisconsin, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison.
WI 53706-1544, USA
Mr Patrick Sieber Institute of Plant Biology, University of
Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107. CH-8008
Zurich, Switzerland
Mr Matthew R. Tucker Department of Plant Science, Waite Cam-
pus, University of Adelaide, P.M.B., 1 Glen
Osmond, South Australia 5064. Australia.
Professor David Twell Department of Biology, University of
Leicester, University Road. Leicester LEI
7RH, UK
Dr Adam Vivian-Smith CSIRO Plant Industry, Horticulture Unit.
PO Box 350, Glen Osmond, South Aus-
tralia, 5064. Australia
Professor William R. Woodson Department of Horticulture and Landscape
Architecture, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
Contents
1 The control of flowering: do genetical and physiological 1
approaches converge?
CLAIRE PERILLEUX and GEORGES BERNIER
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Floral meristem identity genes 3
1.3 Floral repression genes and pathway 5
1.4 Floral promotion genes and pathways 6
1.4.1 Photoperiod promotion pathway 7
.,4.2 Autonomous promotion pathway 17
1.4.3 GA promotion pathway 18
1.5 Interactions between different genes and pathways: welcome to complexity 20
1.5.1 Are the pathways linear? 20
1.5.2 Do the pathways act in parallel? 21
1.5.3 Are the pathways independent? 21
1.5.4 Where do the pathways converge? 23
1.6 Conclusions 25
Acknowledgements 25
References 26
2 The genetic control of flowering time 33
MARK DOYLE, SI-BUM SUNG and RICHARD AMASINO
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 FLOWERING LOCUS C and FR1GIDA confer a vernalization requirement in
Ambidopsis 36
2.3 Genes in the autonomous pathway of floral promotion 38
2.4 FLC as a key regulator for the competence to flower 40
2.5 The molecular basis of vernalization 41
2.6 Possible parallels between Arabidopsis and other species 42
2.7 Photoreceptors and flowering time 43
2.8 Photoperiodism and circadian clocks 45
2.8.1 Input genes 46
2.8.2 Central oscillator components 48
2.9 Photoperiod pathway genes downstream of the clock 50
2.10 Clocks and flowering—summary 51
2.11 Genes downstream of the major flowering pathways 51
2.12 The transition to flowering—activation of floral meristem identity genes 54
2.13 Summary 54
References 55