Plant protection in the Pacific. 2

78 Pages·2014·3.128 MB·English

by  Semisi Pone

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Copyright©RainbowEnterprises2014
Publisher:RainbowEnterprises2014
ISBN:978-1-927308-41-7
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationshallbe
reproducedinanywaywithoutpriorwrittenconsentofthe
copyrightholderandpublisher.RainbowEnterprisesisthe
trade/publishingnameofSemisiPulealsoknownasSemisi
PulePone.
DistributedbyRainbowEnterprises
Email:[email protected]
[email protected]
Coverphoto:PinwheelinclusionsofVanillaNecrosis
Potyvirus(VNPV)inNicotianabenthamianaleaftissuethin
sections. PhotocourtesyofProfessorMichaelNPearson,
UniversityofAuckland..
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List of Tables....4
List of Figures....7
Introduction....8
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr1111....The Evidence for
Epidemiological Studies....13
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr2222.... Effect of CyMV and ORSV on
Vanilla Plants....19
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr3333....Vanilla Necrosis Potyvirus....26
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr4444.... Spatial Distribution of Vanilla
Necrosis Potyvirus in Selected Vanilla
Plantations....36
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr5555.... Linear Distribution of VNPV
infected Vanilla Plants in Plot 3....47
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr6666.... Survey of the vanilla plantations
of Tongatapu and Vava'u....55
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr7777.... General Discussion on VNPV
Distribution....61
CCCChhhhaaaapppptttteeeerrrr8888.... Conclusions....68
Literature Cited....70
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1. Vanilla cured bean export from Tonga
1979-1986....9
2. Percentage (%) of incidence of viruses in
leaf samples ofV.fragransfrom Tonga....21
3. Incidence of viruses, singly and in
combinations, in leaf samples fromV.
fragransplantations in Tonga....22
4. The number of symptomatic vanilla
plants per quadrat in Plot 1....42
5. The number of symptomatic vanilla
plants per quadrat in Plot 2....43
6. The number of symptomatic vanilla
plants per quadrat in Plot 3....44
7. The variances and the means of plots 1, 2
and 3 for the two quadrat sizes used....45
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8.The chi-square statistic for plot 1, 2 and 3
for the two quadrat sizes used at P = 0.10,
0.05, 0.025 levels of significance....46
9. DoubletAnalysis of the distribution of
VNPV infected plants along vanilla rows in
Plot 1....51
10. The ordinary run analysis of the
distribution of VNPV infected plants along
rows of vanilla plants in Plot 1....52
11. Doublet analysis of the distribution of
VNPV infected plants along vanilla rows in
Plot 3....53
12. Ordinary run analysis of the distribution
of VNPV infected plants along the vanilla
rows in Plot 3....54
13. VNPV infection and the incidence in
each plantation selected from Vava'u
Island....56
14. VNPV infection and the incidence
selected from Tongatapu Island....57
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15. Infected vanilla plants growing from
symptomatic cuttings....58
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SemisiPulealsoknownasSemisiPulePoneattendedtheUniversity
ofAucklandfrom1981to1984,graduatingwithaBachelorof
Sciencein1985.HestartedworkingfortheMinistryofAgriculture,
FisheriesandForests(MAFF)inTongaasaPlantPathologistin
June,1985.In1986,hestartedtheworkonvanillaviruseswhichwas
alsopartofaMasterofScienceprogrammeattheUniversityof
Auckland.HegraduatedwithaMasterofScience(Honours)in1989.
In1991,hewasappointedtheSeniorPlantVirologistforMAFFin
Tonga.HemovedtotheUniversityoftheSouthPacificAgriculture
Campus,Apia,SamoainMarch,1992whereheworkedasaFellow
inTissueCulture.InMay1993,hewasappointedthePlant
ProtectionAdvisorandCo-ordinatorfortheSouthPacific
Commission'sPlantProtectionServicebasedinSuva,Fiji.Hewas
alsoappointedtotheFoodandAgricultureOrganisationofthe
UnitedNationsasamemberoftheRegionalPlantProtection
OrganisationTechnicalConsultationsandBiosecurityCommittee.
ThePacificPlantProtectionOrganisationwasestablishedbya
resolutionoftheSouthPacificConferenceinNoumea,New
Caledoniain1994.HelefttheSouthPacificCommissioninJune
1996andmigratedtoNewZealandwherehewasinvolvedwith
variousbusinesses.
Heisnowafull-timewriter...writingchildren'sstories,novels,
poetry,humorandscientificliterature.
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1. Vanilla plot 1.A local grower on
Tongatapu (Tongotea)....39
2. Vanilla Plot 2.A local grower on
Tongatapu (H. Raas)....40
3. Vanilla Plot 3. Vava'u MAFF Research
Station Experimental Plot....41
4. Map of Vanilla Plantations surveyed on
Vava'u Island, Kingdom of Tonga....77
5. Map of Vanilla Plantations surveyed on
Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga....78
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This is the second book in this series "Plant
Protection in the Pacific". This book will
concentrate on the epidemiology of Vanilla
Necrosis Potyvirus (VNPV). More detailed
discussions and other studies are taken into
account since the first detailed study by
Pone, 1988.
Vanilla is a very important economic plant
to the Kingdom of Tonga . Since 1979
Tonga was an important and significant
supplier of dried vanilla beans to the world
market, even though Tongan vanilla export
is only a small fraction of the total world
supply (Table 1). It is a very important
source of income for all the vanilla growers
of Tonga.
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Source-ProjectPerformanceAuditReport,Tonga
DevelopmentBank,May,1988;unpublished.
____________________________________
Year 1979 1980 1981 1982
Metric 2 5 9 12
Tonnes
Year 1983 1984 1985 1986
Metric 14 12 20 19
Tonnes
Virus-like symptoms of tip, young leaf and
stem necrosis which lead to rapid loss of
leaves and plant death were observed in the
vanilla research plots at the Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests, Research
Division, Tonga in 1986. Samples were sent
to Dr Michael N Pearson, Plant Virologist,
ofAuckland University for a quick
examination and tests of the leaves for plant
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pathogens. Dr M N Pearson reported back
that 3 viruses were found in the samples
during electron microscope examination of
the sap from the vanilla samples. They were
Cymbidium Mosaic Virus (CyMV) and
Odontoglossum Ringspot Virus (ORSV),
which were common orchid viruses
worldwide, and an uncited virus with
filamentous, flexuous particles about the
same length as a potyvirus.
A survey was subsequently carried out in
Tonga to determine how widespread the
viruses are in the main vanilla growing
islands of Tongatapu and Vava’u.
The viruses were found in all the vanilla
plantations visited on Tongatapu and Vava’u
Islands. The results of this survey was
published by Pearson and Pone (1988).
A research project was launched, funded by
the Tonga-German Plant Protection Project*
(TGPPP), to try and identify the potyvirus
and also examine the relationship between
the 3 viruses and the disease symptoms
observed on the vanilla plants in the field.
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