PLANT PROTECTION 1 - Australasian Plant Pathology Society

504 Pages·2010·45.86 MB·English

by  Ruth Kerruish

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The AuThor’s Aim in this series of books is to provide users with the DN
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systematic understanding of Plant Protection and Plant Management s
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required of modern horticulture. The books are used to teach Plant e P

Protection throughout Australia and as a reference by people working a LANT
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in the horticulture industry.
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ruTh Kerruish’s interest in diseases and pests of plants commenced a
with her post-graduate studies at the University of Western Australia. nO
She later worked as a researcher with CSIRO (Forest Products, d
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Melbourne and Plant Industry, Canberra) and taught Plant Protection in T
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the Department of Horticulture in the Canberra Institute of Technology.
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PhilliP unger was formerly Head of Amenity Horticulture in the d
Canberra Institute of TAFE. He continues to be involved in teaching sT
Horticulture and Agriculture, Fruit Culture and Plant Protection. He
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maintains an interest in Plant Protection advisory work. O
Pests, Diseases and Weeds
Adrienne WAlKingTon trained in architectural drafting in Adelaide N
and in Horticulture in Canberra where she worked as a technician in

the Department of Horticulture in the Canberra Institute of Technology. 1
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2. Methods of Control ip M

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3. Selected Ornamentals, Fruit and r
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4. How to Diagnose Plant Problems
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r P Ruth M. Kerruish
ootrot reSS
drawings by
22 Lynch Street, Hughes, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2605
Phillip W. Unger
Adrienne L. Walkington
[phone] Fax [phone]
rootrot
ISBN 978-1-875907-07-6
PreSS
PLANT PROTECTION SERIES
PLANT PROTECTION 1
Pests, Diseases and Weeds.
Pests and Diseases
• Insects and allied pests
• Snails and slugs
• Vertebrate pests
• Nematode diseases
• Virus and virus-like diseases
• Bacterial diseases
• Fungal diseases
• Parasitic flowering plants
• Non-parasitic problems
Weeds
PLANT PROTECTION 2
Methods of control.
• Cultural methods
• Sanitation
• Biological control
• Resistant varieties
• Plant quarantine
• Disease-tested planting material
• Physical and mechanical methods
• Pesticides
• Plant Management
• IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
• Organic standards,
• BMP (Best Management Practice)
PLANT PROTECTION 3
Selected Ornamentals, Fruit and Vegetables.
• Annual and herbaceous perennials
• Bromeliads
• Bulbs, corms, rhizomes and tubers
• Cacti, ferns
• Fruit and nuts
• Orchids, palms, roses
• Trees, shrubs and climbers
• Turf grasses
• Vegetables
• Also Australian native plants, Bonsai, Compost, Containers, Garden centres, Greenhouses, Herbs, House
plants, Hydroponic systems, Interior landscapes, Manure, Mulches, Nurseries, Plant tissue culture, Postharvest,
Potting mixes, Seedlings, Seeds, Soil, Urban bushland, Urban landscapes, Water, Water plants, Xeriscapes.
PLANT PROTECTION 4
Root structure of dock
How to Diagnose Plant Problems.
(Rumex spp.). After Parsons
and Cuthbertson 2001.
• Step 1. The client’s enquiry
• Step 2. Identify affected plant
• Step 3. Examine plant parts for signs and symptoms
• Step 4. Visit site, history, questions
• Step 5. Consult references
• Step 6. Seek expert help
• Step 7. Report the diagnosis
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds

P
LANT
P 1
ROTECTION
Pests, Diseases and Weeds
4th edition
Ruth M. Kerruish
Phillip W. Unger
with original line drawings by
Adrienne L. Walkington

ROOTROTPRESS ACT
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
COPYRIGHT
Copyright for material in this book is held by the authors, illustrators and third parties who have
made photographs, drawings and product labels available for educational purposes only. Trademarks
used in this book to describe firms or their products are trademarks of those firms or the registered
proprietor of the trademark and are therefore also protected by copyright. Other material in this book
is available for personal use.
Copyright©2010 Ruth M. Kerruish and Phillip W. Unger
Copyright©2010 Adrienne L. Walkington
Copyright©NSW Department of Industry and Investment
Copyright©Canberra Institute of Technology
Copyright©Insense/Desire Pest management
Copyright©David Olsen
Copyright©Western Australian Agriculture Authority
Copyright©Pesticide and other product labels
FOURTH EDITION 2010
Previous editions: 1st edition 1985; 2nd edition 1991, 3rd edition 2003
DISTRIBUTED BY: PRINTED BY:
Qld Textbook Warehouse Kwik Kopy Printing Strathpine
PO Box 3220, Bracken Ridge, Qld, Australia 4017 172 South Pine Road, Brendale 4500
(cid:11) 07 3261 1300 Fax [phone] (cid:11) 07 3881 3133 Fax [phone]
email: [email protected] email: [email protected]
web: www.qtw.com.au/ web: www.kkp.com.au/
PUBLISHED BY
RootRot Press - ACT
22 Lynch Street, Hughes, ACT, Australia 2605
(cid:11) 02 6281 3650
ISBN 978 1 875907 07 6 (print)
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry:
Author: Kerruish, Ruth M. (Ruth MacNeil), 1936-
Title: Plant Protection 1: Pests, Diseases and Weeds / Ruth M. Kerruish and
Phillip W. Unger; illustrator Adrienne L. Walkington.
Other Authors/Contributors: Unger, Phillip W. (Phillip Wayne), 1945-
Walkington, Adrienne L.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Subjects: Plant diseases--Australia
Plant parasites--Australia
Weeds--Australia
Dewey Number:632.0994
I SBN 9 78 1 875907 05 2 (online)
By the same author:
PLANT PROTECTION 2 : Methods of Control
PLANT PROTECTION3: Selected Ornamentals, Fruit and Vegetables
PLANT PROTECTION4: How to Diagnose Plant Problems
Front cover: Rose ‘mosaic’, dandelion, twospotted mites
ii
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
DISCLAIMER
This book is a guide only. While the information in this book is believed to be accurate
at the time of publication, the authors and publisher make no warranties, expressed or
implied, as to the accuracy, adequacy or currency of the information presented in this
book. The material contained in this book is not intended to provide specific advice.
No reader should act on the basis of anything contained in this book without taking
appropriate advice on their own particular circumstances.
It should be recognized that there are differences in soils, climates and seasonal
conditions, and that pests, diseases and weeds do not occur uniformly across Australia
and may spread to new regions within Australia. New pests, diseases and weeds may
enter Australia. Advisors and growers will need to adapt information to suit their
particular conditions, regions and situations.
Reference to a product or a particular brand of product in this publication (whether the
reference appears in an illustration, photograph or in any other form) does not imply the
authors’ or publisher’s approval or endorsement of the product or the brand. Similarly,
by the omission of certain trade names and some formulated products, either
unintentionally or from lack of space, the authors or the publisher are not inferring that
these products or brands are not approved.
By allowing the use of their product labels and other material, companies do not imply
that they are endorsing the contents of the publication. Although efforts are made to
have up-to-date material, labels change, and with time the labels in this publication may
not be the current version.
The authors and publisher do not guarantee the current status of registered uses of any of
the pesticides or other products mentioned as these are constantly changing. Users must
comply with current pesticide legislation and follow instructions on currently registered
labels attached to the container. If information in this book conflicts with that on a
current label, follow label instructions.
Websites referred to, or activated in this book, are not under the control of the authors or
publisher who accept no responsibility or liability in relation to their content.
AS 6000—2009. Organic and Biodynamic Registration of pesticides in Australia is the
Products (Standards Australia) outlines responsibility of the Australian Pesticides and
minimum requirements to be met by growers and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA).
manufacturers wishing to label their products
‘organic’ or ‘biodynamic’ within Australia. APVMA assesses and registers these chemicals
to ensure that they perform as claimed and are
Organic Federation of Australia (OFA) is the safe for people, animals and the land. APVMA
peak body for the organic industry in Australia also issues permits for off-label uses. Check on
the APVMA database that the chemicals you use
www.ofa.org.au
are registered for use:
and follow the links to obtain the domestic and
www.apvma.gov.au
export organic standards and certifiers.
and follow the links to PUBCRIS (the Public
Biological Farmers of Australia (BFA)
Chemical Registration Information System).
www.bfa.com.au
NASAA Certified Organic Many registered products
www.nasaa.com.au are not available for use by
Organic Growers of Australia(OGA) home gardeners
www.organicgrowers.org.au/

iii
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their appreciation of the many people, organizations
and companies, whose contributions have made this book possible.
Advice and support Bill Kerruish, Adrienne Walkington
Horticultural assistance Douglas Kerruish, Canberra, ACT; Phillip Unger, Canberra, ACT.
Andrew Forster, Canberra, ACT; Alan Mann, Canopy Tree Experts, ACT.
Computing assistance Stefan Alexander, Canberra, ACT; John Kerruish, Sydney, NSW
Canberra Institute of Drawings, diagrams, charts and photographs are reproduced with permission of the
Technology Canberra Institute of Technical Education for educational purposes only
Contributors to previous Phil Carne, Beverley Karpinski, George Khair, Jenni Marsh, Chris McKenna, Patricia
editions Sellars, John Stanisic, Chris Tynan, John Walker, Paul Walker, Paul Weiss
The following drawings, diagrams, photographs and labels are reproduced for educational purposes only with permission of:
Copyright(cid:148)NSW Department of Industry and Fig.165.Loose smut M.Senior Page229.Snail damage to gazania - skeletonization
Investment Figs.166,167.Damping off Fig.130.Snail damage to cabbage, kangaroo paw
Fig.2.Rust Fig.168.Lemon scab M.Senior Page240.Bird damage to roses
Fig.3.Hormone herbicide injury Fig.169.Black spot of grapevine M.Senior Fig.132.Foliar nematode, symptoms(?)
Fig.8.Bean weevil and damage Fig.170.Brown rot M.Senior Page273.Hydrangea mosaic
Fig.11.Codling Moth E.H.Zeck Fig.171.Freckle M.Senior Page275.Ringspots on watermelon
Fig 12.Fruit tree borer damage Fig.172.Collar rot of citrus Page 277.Apple mosaic, tomato spotted wilt symptoms
Fig.13.Vegetable weevil E.H.Zeck Fig.173.Red wood rot fungus M.Senior Page278.Tulip flower breaking
Figs.14,15.Apple leafhoppers and damage Fig.174.Stem canker of rose Fig.138.Grapevine fanleaf, camellia yellow mottle
Fig.20.Cottonycushion scale Fig.175.Phytophthora root rot Fig.139.Yellow net vein, flat limb
Fig.21.Apple dimpling bug damage Fig.176.Rhizoctonia stem rot M.Senior Fig.141.Tomato spotted wilt, capsicum, tomato
Fig.22.Woolly aphid damage Fig.178.Peach leaf curl defoliation Fig.142.Thrips in dahlia flowers
Figs.28,29.Case moths Fig.187.Downy mildew of lettuce M.Senior Fig.146.Tomato big bud on tomato
Fig.30.Leafcutting bee damage Fig.188.Downy mildew of grapevines M.Senior Fig.147.Tomato big bud symptoms on gazania, parsnip
Fig.32.Sooty mould Fig.190.Geranium rust Fig.148.Rose mosaic
Fig.41.Queensland fruit fly E.H.Zeck Fig.191.Bean rust Fig.152.Bacterial blight of mulberry
Fig.45.Cineraria leafminer damage Fig.200.Peach leaf curl M.Senior Fig.154.Crown gall symptoms on rhubarb and rose
Fig.50.Whitestemmed gum moth caterpillar Fig.205.Sclerotinia rot, Sclerotium stem rot M.Senior Fig.156.Bacterial canker of stone fruit
Fig.51.Painted apple moth caterpillar Fig.207.Damping off Fig.159.Shothole damage to leaf
Fig.55.Lightbrown apple moth E.H.Zeck Fig.208.Lichens Fig.160.Fungal leaf spot on strawberry
Fig.56.Cabbage white butterfly E.H.Zeck Fig.209.Wind injury Fig.161.Powdery mildew of euonymus
Fig.59 Codling moth W.G.Thwaite Fig.211.Sooty mould Fig.162.Rust on antirhinum
Fig.60 Codling moth E.H.Zeck Fig.219.Sunburnt trunk Fig.163.Petal blight on rose flowers
Fig.64.Oriental fruit moth E.H.Zeck Fig.220.Rind splitting of orange Fig.177.Damping off
Fig.66.Fruit-tree borer and damage Fig.222.Cold injury to carnation Fig.185.Powdery mildew of euonymus
Fig.68.Elephant weevil and damage Fig.226.Enlarged lenticels on potato tuber Fig.192.Gall rust on wattle
Fig.69.Beetle borers Fig.227.Potato leaf roll Fig.193.Rose rust
Fig.70.Leaf beetle, eggs and larvae Fig.229.Magnesium deficiency M.Senior Fig.196.Black spot on rose
Fig.76.African black beetle E.H.Zeck Fig.231.Whiptail on crucifer Fig.197.Anthracnose on rose
Fig.77.Fig longicorn and larvae Fig.244.Mutant orange Fig.199.Leaf curl symptoms on plum fruit
Fig.78.Bean weevil Copyright(cid:148)Canberra Institute of Technology Fig.202.Wood rot fruiting bodies and damage
Fig.79.Teatree sawfly Pagexiii.Plant clinic activities Page372.Damping off
Fig.90.Argentine ant E.H.Zeck Fig.1.Christmas beetle Pages380-382.Mistletoe, devil’s twine, dodder,
Fig.91.Citrus gall wasp E.H.Zeck Fig.6.Citrus butterfly caterpillars broomrape
Fig.92.Pear and cherry slug adult Fig.7.Pear and cherry slug damage Fig.212.Wood rot fungus in container
Fig.93.Steelblue sawfly and damage Fig.9.Azalea leafminer damage Fig.213.Fairy ring in a lawn
Fig.94.Leafblister sawfly damage Fig.10.Citrus gall wasp damage Fig.218.Sunscorch injury to capsicum and tomato
Fig.97.Gladiolus thrips Page18.Spittle bug Fig.221.Splitting of skin on tomato
Fig.98.Gladiolus thrips damage to corms Fig.16.Green peach aphids Fig.225.Oedema on umbrella leaf
Fig.99.Plague thrips E.H.Zeck Fig.17.Greenhouse whiteflies Fig.227.Leafrolling on rhodendron leaves
Fig.101.Green vegetable bug E.H.Zeck Fig.18.Lerps Fig.230.Iron deficiency on rhodendron
Fig.102.Crusader bugs Fig.23.Black peach aphids Fig.232.Blossom end rot on tomato
Fig.106.Green peach aphid E.H.Zeck Fig.24.Green house thrips damage Fig.233.Simazine injury to Prunus
Fig.107.Woolly aphid damage Fig.25.Onion thrips damage Fig.237.Lawnmower injury to base of tree
Fig.109.Longtailed mealybug and predator Fig.26.Thrips in dahlia flowers Fig.238.Potbound roots
Fig.111.Gumtree scale, frosted scale, soft brown and Fig.27.Callistemon leafrolling thrips damage Fig.239.Hail damage to fruit
white wax scale, cottony cushion Fig.31.Webbing caterpillar damage Fig.240.Chimera on tulip and apple
Fig.112.Black scale E.H.Zeck Fig.33.Tomato big bid phytoplasma damage Fig.241.Fasciation on rose
Fig.113.Red and white louse scales Fig.36 Christmas beetle, corn earwom Fig.242.Variegated leaf on citrus
Fig 114.San Jose scale E.H.Zeck Fig.45.Cineraria leafminer damage Fig.243.Burr knots on Prunus
Fig.116.Greenhouse whitefly Fig.52.Cup moth caterpillar Figs.251,252,253.Herbicide injury
Fig.117.Termite galleries and mound Fig.54.Leafminer damage to bottlebrush Page462.Herbicide injury
Fig.118.Timber damaged by termites E.H.Zeck Fig.57.Corn earworm and damage Fig.254.Weeds in container
Fig.119.Subterranean termites Fig.63.Oriental fruit moth damage to peach fruit
Page178.Table35.Termite damage E.H.Zeck Fig.72.Leafeating ladybirds and damage Copyright (cid:148)Insense/Desire Pest management
Figs.120,121.Australian plague locust and damage Fig.73.Predatory ladybirds Page92.Desire codling moth trap
Fig.122.Australian plague locust flights Fig.78.Bean weevil damage
Fig.123.Grasshopper parasites Fig.80.Callistemon sawfly larvae Copyright (cid:148)David Olsen
Fig.124.European earwig Fig.81.Callistemon sawfly larvae damage Fig.148.Rose mosaic
Fig.125.Springtail Fig.83.Cypress pine sawfly larvae. Copyright (cid:148)Western Australian Agriculture
Fig.126.Spider mites E.H.Zeck Fig.92.Pear and cherry slug and damage Authority, 2009
Fig.127.Grapeleaf blister mite E.H.Zeck Fig.94.Leafblister sawfly larvae Fig.84.Gall wasp on Geraldton wax Wood and Grimm
Fig.129.Slaters Fig.95.Onion thrips damage
Fig.130.Snails on trunk of citrus tree Fig.96.Leafrolling thrips damage to callistemon Copyright (cid:148)Pesticide and other product labels
Fig.132.Foliar nematode symptoms Fig.98.Gladiolus thrips damage to flowers
Fig.133.Stem and bulb nematode symptoms Fig.102.Crusader bug damage on wattle AgBiotech Monsanto
Fig.136.Root knot nematode symptoms Fig.104.Cabbage aphid damage Agrimm Technologies Multicrop
Page278.Ringspot virus symptoms M.Senior Fig.107.Woolly aphids on apple Bayer Organic Crop Protectants
Fig.143.Tomato spotted wilt symptoms on dahlia Fig.108.Lerps and lerp damage Becker Underwood Sanoway
Fig.144.Tomato spotted wilt-symptoms on arum lily, Fig.109.Longtailed mealybug Bioglobal Scotts Australia
Fig.145.Tomato spotted wilt symptoms on nasturtium Fig.111.Wattle tick scale, black scale Chemtura SST Australia
Fig.150.Bacterial scab of gladiolus Fig.113.San Jose, red and rose scales Colin Campbells Syngenta
Fig.152.Fungal leaf spots of mulberry Fig.116.Greenhouse whiteflies Crop Care UPL
Fig.156.Bacterial canker of stone fruit Page175.Termite damage to potato Desire Valent BioSciences
Fig.158.Bacterial leaf and stem rot of pelargonium Page178.Table35.Borer and wood rot damage Dow AgroSciences Yates
Fig.164.Azalea petal blight Page227.Snail damage to cabbage Ecogrow
iv
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
CONTENTS
Copyright ii
Disclaimer iii
Acknowledgements iv
Contents v
Preface xi
Diagnostic and Information Services xiv
Selected References xvi
PESTS and DISEASES 1
PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES 3
Insects and allied pests 5
Snails and slugs 227
Vertebrate pests 239
Nematode diseases 251
Virus and virus-like diseases 273
Bacterial diseases 293
Fungal diseases 313
Parasitic flowering plants 377
NON-PARASITICPESTS AND DISEASES 387
WEEDS 409
Glossary and Acronyms 475
Index 481
PESTS AND DISEASES 1
PARASITIC PESTS AND DISEASES 3
Insects and Allied Pests 5..
Biology 7
Why are insects successful? 8
What are insects? 9
External anatomy of adult insects 10
Integument (body covering) 12
Head 13
Thorax 15
Abdomen 16
Insect excretions 18
Insect secretions 19
Life cycles and growth 20
Metamorphosis 20
Diapause 21
Growth 22
Reproduction 23
Types of larvae 24
Blood system 26
Nervous system, communication 26
Plant damage 27
Host range 27
How insects damage plants 28
Direct feeding damage 29
Chewing damage 29
Piercing and sucking damage 31
Rasping and sucking damage 33
Indirect damage 34
Pest cycle 35
Overwintering, oversummering 36
Spread 37
Conditions favouring 38
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 39
Control methods 40
Legislation 40
Cultural methods 40
Sanitation 41
Biological control 42
Resistant, tolerant varieties 45
Plant quarantine 46
Pest-tested planting material 47
Physical and mechanical methods 48
Insecticides, miticides 49
Resistance 56
Insecticide Mode of Action Groups (Table 2) 57
Bio-insecticides, spray oils, soaps, pheromones, etc (Table 3) 61
Identification and Classification 63
Orders of Insects 64
Order Diptera (flies, gnats, leafminers, midges, mosquitoes) 65
Fruit flies 68
Cineraria leafminer 73
Fungus gnats 75
Garden maggots 77
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PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
Insects and Allied Pests..(contd)
Order Lepidoptera(butterflies, moths) 78
Cabbage white butterfly 84
Corn earworm 86
Codling moth 89
Oriental fruit moth 93
Fruit-tree borer 96
Order Coleoptera(beetles, weevils) 98
Leafeating ladybirds 104
Black vine weevil 106
Scarab grubs 108
Longicorn beetles 111
Bean weevil 113
Order Hymenoptera(ants, bees, wasps, sawflies) 114
Ants 119
Citrus gall wasp 121
Pear and cherry slug 123
Steelblue sawfly 125
Leafblister sawfly 127
Order Neuroptera(lacewings, antlions. aphidlions) 129
Order Thysanoptera(thrips) 130
Gladiolus thrips 133
Plague thrips 136
Western flower thrips (WFT) 138
Order Hemiptera (bugs; hoppers;
aphids, lerps, mealybugs, scales, whiteflies) 141
Crusader bug 148
Cabbage aphid 150
Green peach aphid 152
Woolly aphid 155
Lerp insects, psyllids 158
Longtailed mealybug 160
Black scale 164
San Jose scale 168
Greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) 171
Order Isoptera(termites,"white ants") 174
Termites 177
Order Orthoptera(crickets, grasshoppers, katydids, locusts) 180
Australian plague locust 182
Order Dermaptera(earwigs) 186
European earwig 188
Order Blattodea(cockroaches) 190
Order Phasmatodea(stick insects, leaf insects, phasmatids) 193
Order Mantodea(mantids, praying mantids) 195
Order Odonata(dragonflies, damselflies) 196
Allied Pests 197
Springtails (Class Collembola) 197
Mites (Class Arachnida, Order Acarina) 199
Twospotted mite 202
Grapeleaf blister mite 206
Spiders (Class Arachnida, Order Araneida) 209
Slaters (Class Malacostraca, Order Isopoda) 212
Millipedes (Class Diplopoda) 214
Review questions and activities 216
Selected references 224
Snails and Slugs 227.
Biology and Identification 228
No. species in Australia 228
Some distinctive features 228
Method of feeding 228
Feeding and plant damage 229
Classification, identification, diagnostics 229
List of some species 230
Pest cycle 231
Overwintering, oversummering 231
Spread 232
Conditions favouring 232
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 233
Control methods 233
Legislation 233
Cultural methods 233
Sanitation 233
Biological control 234
Resistant, tolerant varieties 234
Plant quarantine 234
Pest-tested planting material 234
Physical and mechanical methods 234
Molluscicides 235
Molluscicides (Table 47) 236
Molluscicide safety (Table 48) 237
Review questions and activities 238
Selected references 238
vi
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
Vertebrate Pests 239..
Biology 240
No. species in Australia 240
Damage 240
List of some vertebrate pests 241
Spread, conditions favouring 242
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 243
Control methods 243
Legislation 243
Cultural methods 244
Sanitation 244
Biological control 244
Resistant, tolerant varieties 245
Animal quarantine 245
Pest-damaged planting material 245
Physical and mechanical methods 246
Pesticides 247
Repellents, avicides (Table 49) 248
Rodenticides (Table 50) 249
Review questions and activities 250
Selected references 250
Nematode Diseases 251.
Biology and Identification 252
No. diseases in Australia 252
Some distinctive features 252
Life cycle 252
Method of feeding 253
Symptoms 253
Classification 256
Identification and sampling 256
List of some species 257
Distribution within plants 259
Disease cycle 259
Overwintering, oversummering 260
Spread 260
Conditions favouring 261
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 262
Control methods 263
Legislation 263
Cultural methods 263
Sanitation 263
Biological control 263
Resistant, tolerant cultivars and rootstocks 264
Plant quarantine 264
Disease-tested planting material 264
Physical and mechanical methods 264
Nematicides 265
Non-fumigant nematicides (Table 51) 266
Fumigants (Table 52) 267
Example of a nematode disease 268
Root knot 268
Review questions and activities 272
Selected references 272
Virus and Virus-like Diseases 273.
Biology and Identification 274
No. diseases in Australia 274
Some distinctive features 274
"Life cycle" 274
Symptoms 275
How viruses infect host plants 276
Distribution within a plant 276
Detection and identification 276
Virus names and classification 277
List of some virus and virus-like diseases 278
Disease cycle 280
Overwintering, oversummering 281
Spread 282
Conditions favouring 283
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 283
Control methods 284
Legislation 284
Cultural methods 284
Sanitation 284
Biological control 284
Resistant, tolerant varieties 284
Plant quarantine 284
Disease-tested planting material 284
Physical and mechanical methods 285
Pesticides (viricides, insecticides) 285
Examples of virus and virus-like diseases 286
Tomato spotted wilt 286
Tomato big bud (greening, virescence) 289
Virus diseasesof roses (rose "mosaic") 291
Review questions and activities 292
Selected references 292
vii
PLANT PROTECTION 1 – Pests, Diseases and Weeds
Bacterial Diseases 293.
Biology and Identification 294
No. diseases in Australia 294
Some distinctive features 294
Life cycle 294
Classification 295
Identification 295
Symptoms 295
List of some bacterial diseases 297
Nutrition and parasitism 299
How bacteria infect host plants 299
Distribution in plant 299
Disease cycle 299
Overwintering, oversummering 300
Spread 300
Conditions favouring 301
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 302
Control methods 302
Legislation 302
Cultural methods 302
Sanitation 302
Biological control 302
Resistant, tolerant varieties 303
Plant quarantine 303
Disease-tested planting material 303
Physical and mechanical methods 303
Bactericides 303
Examples of bacterial diseases 304
Crown gall 304
Bacterial canker of stone fruit 307
Bacterial leaf spots 310
Review questions and activities 312
Selected references 312
Fungal Diseases 313.
Biology, Identification and Classification 314
No. diseases in Australia 314
Some distinctive features 314
Life cycle 314
Symptoms, damage 315
Identification 319
Classification of fungi 319
List of some fungal diseases 320
Nutrition and parasitism 324
How fungi infect host plants 324
Distribution within host plant 324
Disease cycle 325
Overwintering, oversummering 325
Spread 326
Conditions favouring 326
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 327
Control methods 328
Legislation 328
Cultural methods 328
Sanitation 328
Biological control 329
Resistant, tolerant varieties 329
Plant quarantine 329
Disease-tested planting material 330
Physical and mechanical methods 330
Fungicides 331
Resistance 337
Fungicide Activity Groups (Table 58) 338
Disinfectants (Table 59) 343
Bio-fungicides, soaps, bicarbonates, milk, etc (Table 60) 344
Examples of fungal diseases 345
Powdery mildews 345
Downy mildews 348
Rusts 351
Black spot of rose 355
Peach leaf curl 358
Wood rots 361
Phytophthora root rot (Pc) 364
Damping off 371
Review questions and activities 375
Selected references 376
viii