Plant Physiology and Development

888 Pages·2014·95.199 MB·English

by  Eduardo Zeiger, Lincoln Taiz, Ian Max Moller, Angus Murphy

Plant Physiology
and Development
Sixth Edition
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Plant Physiology
and Development
Sixth Edition
Lincoln Taiz
Professor Emeritus, University of California, Santa Cruz
Eduardo Zeiger
Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles
Ian Max Møller
Associate Professor, Aarhus University, Denmark
Angus Murphy
Professor, University of Maryland
Sinauer Associates, Inc • Publishers
Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A.
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Front Cover
Red Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja miniata) grows on hillside in Waterton Lakes
National Park, Alberta, Canada. © All Canada Photos/Corbis.
About the Book
Editor: Andrew D. Sinauer
Project Editors: Laura Green and Stephanie Bonner
Production Manager: Christopher Small
Book and Cover Design: Jefferson Johnson
Photo Researcher: David McIntyre
Copyeditor: Liz Pierson
Indexer: Grant Hackett
Illustrator: Elizabeth Morales
Book and Cover Manufacturer: Courier Corporations, Inc.
Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition
Copyright © 2015 by Sinauer Associates, Inc.
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part with-
out permission from the publisher.
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Sinauer Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 407, Sunderland, MA 01375 U.S.A.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Plant physiology
Plant physiology and development / editors, Lincoln Taiz, University of Califor-
nia, Santa Cruz, Eduardo Zeiger, University of California, Los Angeles. -- Sixth
edition.
pages cm
Revised edition of: Plant physiology. Fifth edition. c2010.
ISBN 978-1-60535-255-8 (casebound)
1.  Plant physiology. 2.  Plants--Development.  I. Taiz, Lincoln. II. Zeiger, Edu-
ardo. III. Title.
QK711.2.T35 2014
571.2--dc23 2014030480
Printed in U.S.A.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Plant and Cell Architecture 1
Chapter 2 Genome Structure and Gene Expression 51
UNIT I Transport and Translocation of Water and Solutes 81
Chapter 3 Water and Plant Cells 83
Chapter 4 Water Balance of Plants 99
Chapter 5 Mineral Nutrition 119
Chapter 6 Solute Transport 143
UNIT II Biochemistry and Metabolism 169
Chapter 7 Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions 171
Chapter 8 Photosynthesis: The Carbon Reactions 203
Chapter 9 Photosynthesis: Physiological and Ecological Considerations 245
Chapter 10 Stomatal Biology 269
Chapter 11 Translocation in the Phloem 285
Chapter 12 Respiration and Lipid Metabolism 317
Chapter 13 Assimilation of Inorganic Nutrients 353
UNIT III Growth and Development 377
Chapter 14 Cell Walls: Structure, Formation, and Expansion 379
Chapter 15 Signals and Signal Transduction 407
Chapter 16 Signals from Sunlight 447
Chapter 17 Embryogenesis 477
Chapter 18 Seed Dormancy, Germination, and Seedling Establishment 513
Chapter 19 Vegetative Growth and Organogenesis 553
Chapter 20 The Control of Flowering and Floral Development 591
Chapter 21 Gametophytes, Pollination, Seeds, and Fruits 625
Chapter 22 Plant Senescence and Cell Death 665
Chapter 23 Biotic Interactions 693
Chapter 24 Abiotic Stress 731
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Editors
Lincoln Taiz is Professor Emeritus of Eduardo Zeiger is Profes-
Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental sor Emeritus of Biology at the
Biology at the University of California University of California at Los
at Santa Cruz. He received his Ph.D. in Angeles. He received a Ph.D. in
Botany from the University of California Plant Genetics at the University of
at Berkeley. Dr. Taiz’s main research focus California at Davis. His research
has been on the structure, function, and interests include stomatal func-
evolution of vacuolar H+-ATPases. He tion, the sensory transduction
has also worked on gibberellins, cell wall of blue-light responses, and the
mechanical properties, metal transport, study of stomatal acclimations
auxin transport, and stomatal opening. associated with increases in crop
(Chapters 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23) yields. (Chapter 10)
Sub-Editors
Ian Max Møller is Associate Professor at Angus Murphy is Professor and Chair
Department of Molecular Biology and of the Department of Plant Science and
Genetics at Aarhus University, Denmark. Landscape Architecture at the Univer-
He received his Ph.D. in Plant Biochemistry sity of Maryland. He earned his Ph.D. in
from Imperial College, London, UK. He has Biology from the University of California,
worked at Lund University, Sweden and, Santa Cruz in 1996. Dr. Murphy studies
more recently, at Risø National Laboratory ATP-binding cassette transporters, auxin
and the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural transport proteins, and the role of auxin
University in Copenhagen, Denmark. Profes- transport in programmed and plastic
sor Møller has investigated plant respiration throughout his career. growth. (Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19)
His current interests include turnover of reactive oxygen species
and the role of protein oxidation in plant cells. (Chapter 12)
Principle Contributors Arnold J. Bloom is a Professor in the
Department of Sciences at the University of
Sarah M. Assmann is a Professor in the California at Davis. He received a Ph.D. in
Biology Department at the Pennsylvania State Biological Sciences at Stanford University in
University. She received a Ph.D. in the Biologi- 1979. His research focuses on plant-nitrogen
cal Sciences at Stanford University. Dr. Ass- relationships, especially the differences in
mann studies how plants respond to environ- plant responses to ammonium and nitrate as
mental stresses, with a focus on abiotic stress nitrogen sources. He is the co-author with
regulation of RNA structure, heterotrimeric Emanuel Epstein of the textbook, Mineral
G-protein signaling, and guard cell systems Nutrition of Plants and author of the text-
biology. (Chapter 6) book, Global Climate Change: Convergence of
Disciplines. (Chapters 5 and 13)
Christine Beveridge is a Professor in the
School of Biological Sciences at the University Eduardo Blumwald is a Professor of Cell
of Queensland. She received a Ph.D. in Plant Biology and the Will W. Lester Endowed
Sciences at the University of Tasmania in Chair at the Department of Plant Sci-
1994. Her research focuses on shoot architec- ences, University of California at Davis. He
ture and hormonal control of development, received his Ph.D. in Bioenergetics from the
especially strigolactones, and involves genetic Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1984.
approaches, molecular physiology and plant His research focuses on the adaptation of
modelling. (Chapter 19) plants to environmental stress and the cel-
lular and molecular bases of fruit quality.
Robert E. Blankenship is a Professor of Biol- (Chapter 24)
ogy and Chemistry at Washingon University
in St. Louis. He received his Ph.D. in Chemis- John Browse is a Professor in the Institute
try from the University of California at Berke- of Biological Chemistry at Washington
ley in 1975. His professional interests include State University. He received his Ph.D. from
mechanisms of energy and electron transfer in the University of Aukland, New Zealand, in
photosynthetic organisms, and the origin and 1977. Dr. Browse’s research interests include
early evolution of photosynthesis. (Chapter 7) the biochemistry of lipid metabolism and
the responses of plants to low tempera-
tures. (Chapter 12)
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viii Contributors
Bob B. Buchanan is a Professor of Plant Jürgen Engelberth is an Associate Profes-
and Microbial Biology at the University of sor of Plant Biochemistry at the University of
California at Berkeley. He continues to work Texas at San Antonio. He received his Ph.D.
on thioredoxin-linked regulation in pho- in Plant Physiology at the Ruhr-University
tosynthesis, seed germination, and related Bochum, Germany in 1995 and did postdoc-
processes. His findings with cereals hold toral work at the Max Planck Institute for
promise for societal application. (Chapter 8) Chemical Ecology, at USDA, ARS, CMAVE
in Gainesville, and at Penn State University.
His research focuses on signaling involved
Victor Busov is a Professor at Michigan in plant–insect and plant–plant interaction.
Technological University. His work is focused (Chapter 23)
on understanding the molecular mechanisms
that regulate growth and development of Lawrence Griffing is an Associate Profes-
woody perennial species. He is interested
sor in the Biology Department at Texas A&M
in how these mechanisms are important
University. He received his Ph.D. in Bio-
for adaptation to environment, evolution of
logical Sciences at Stanford University. Dr.
different life forms and applications to tree
Griffing’s research mainly focuses on plant
improvement and biotechnology. (Chapter 19)
cell biology, concentrating on the interac-
tion between the endoplasmic reticulum
John Christie holds an undergraduate and other membranes and the dynamics of
degree in Biochemistry and Ph.D. from endomembranes through their interactions
the University of Glasgow and is currently with the cytoskeleton. His teaching focuses
Professor of Photobiology at the University. on incorporating authentic inquiry and sci-
During his postdoc with Winslow Briggs at entific discovery into undergraduate courses.
Stanford, he contributed to uncovering the (Chapter 1)
molecular identity of higher plant photo-
tropins. He established his own research N. Michele Holbrook is a Professor in the
group at the University of Glasgow in 2002
Department of Organismic and Evolutionary
and continues to investigate the molecular
Biology at Harvard University. She received
basis of plant UV/blue light receptor function
her Ph.D. from Stanford University in 1995.
and signaling. His research also extends to
Dr. Holbrook’s research group focuses on
developing new technologies derived from
water relations and long-distance transport
photoreceptor characterization. (Chapter 16)
through xylem and phloem.
(Chapters 3 and 4)
Daniel J. Cosgrove is a Professor of Biol-
ogy at the Pennsylvania State University Andreas Madlung is a Professor in the
at University Park. His Ph.D. in Biological
Department of Biology at the University of
Sciences was earned at Stanford University.
Puget Sound. He received a Ph.D. in Molecu-
Dr. Cosgrove’s research interest is focused
lar and Cellular Biology from Oregon State
on plant growth, specifically the biochemical
University in 2000. Research in his laboratory
and molecular mechanisms governing cell
addresses fundamental questions concerning
enlargement and cell wall expansion. His
the influence of genome structure on plant
research team discovered the cell wall loos-
physiology and evolution, especially with
ening proteins called expansins and is cur-
respect to polyploidy. (Chapter 2)
rently studying the structure, function, and
evolution of this gene family. (Chapter 14) Ron Mittler is a Professor in the Depart-
ment of Biological Sciences at the University
Susan Dunford is an Associate Profes- of North Texas. He got his Ph.D. in biochem-
sor of Biological Sciences at the University istry from Rutgers the State University of
of Cincinnati. She received her Ph.D. from New Jersey. His current research is focused
the University of Dayton in 1973 with a on plant responses to abiotic stress and
specialization in plant and cell physiology. reactive oxygen signaling and metabolism in
Dr. Dunford’s research interests include plant and cancer cells. (Chapter 24)
long-distance transport systems in plants,
especially translocation in the phloem, and Gabriele B. Monshausen is an Assistant
plant water relations. (Chapter 11)
Professor of Biology at the Pennsylvania
State University. She received her PhD in
James Ehleringer is at the University of plant biology at the University of Bonn, Ger-
Utah where he is a Distinguished Professor many. Dr. Monshausen’s research focuses on
of Biology and serves as Director of both the mechanisms of cellular ion signaling in plant
Global Change and Sustainability Center and hormone responses and plant responses to
of the Stable Isotope Ratio Facility for Envi- mechanical forces. (Chapter 15)
ronmental Research (SIRFER). His research
focuses on understanding terrestrial ecosys-
tem processes through stable isotope analy-
ses, gas exchange and biosphere–atmosphere
interactions, and water relations. (Chapter 9)
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