Plant Physiology. A Treatise: Physiology of Development: Plants and Their Reproduction

552 Pages·1971·9.83 MB·English

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
A TREATISE
Volume ΙΑ. Cellular Organization and Respiration
Volume IB. Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis
Volume II. Plants in Relation to Water and Solutes
Volume III. Inorganic Nutrition of Plants
Volume IVA. Metabolism: Organic Nutrition and
Nitrogen Metabolism
Volume IVB. Metabolism: Intermediary Metabolism
and Pathology
Volume VA. Analysis of Growth: Behavior of Plants
and Their Organs
Volume VB. Analysis of Growth: The Responses of
Cells and Tissues in Culture
Volume VIA. Physiology of Development: Plants and Their
Reproduction
Volume VIB. Physiology of Development: The Hormones
Volume VIC. Physiology of Development: From Seeds to
Sexuality
Plant
Physiology
A T R E A T I SE
EDITED BY
Ε C STEWARD
Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Growth, and Development
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
P h y s i o l o gy of D e v e l o p m e nt :
Volume VIA :
P l a n ts a nd T h e ir R e p r o d u c t i on
1971
A C A D E M IC P R E S S, New York and London
COPYRIGHT © 1971, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME VIA
J. P. NITSCH,* Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de
Physiologie Pluricellulaire, Gif-sur- Yvette, France
JOHN R. RÂPER, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts
W. W. SGHWABE, Wye College, University of London, Wye nr. Ashford,
Kent, England
T. A. STEEVES, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saska-
toon, Saskatchewan, Canada
R. H. WETMORE, The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts
* Deceased.
vii
PREFACE
Growth (as considered in Volume V) and development (as treated
in Volume VI) are such closely complementary topics that it is diffi-
cult, and often arbitrary, to treat the one without involving the other.
They are related as the two faces of a coin. To this extent, the intro-
duction to these problems in Volume VA is equally applicable to
Volume VI. While the original plan to deal with the physiology of
development has been retained, the problems that arose before it
could eventually be carried out merit some mention.
The physiology of development is now presented in three parts,
and, within the essential design of the treatise, they comprise Volumes
VIA, B, and C. This device became necessary as, with the passing
years, topics became more complex and some chapters longer. When
these problems arose, the decision was made to cover the subject
matter as desired by authors rather than to compress it arbitrarily
into a prescribed space. Inevitably, the allocation of subjects and
chapters to the several parts A, Β and C is in a measure arbitrary—it
had to be adapted to their respective lengths, to the time of their
completion, as well as to their content. The rationale is as follows.
During development, one sees the emergence of form within an
inherited, evolved, plan. It is appropriate, therefore, to introduce the
problems of development and reproduction morphologically ; this is
done in two chapters, one largely concerned with higher plants and
the other with lower forms (especially fungi). The fungi have unique
properties which render them both useful in physiological research
and especially important to man. Part A, therefore, contains four
chapters, conveniently grouped under the subtitle Plants and Their
Reproduction, and they embrace the various problems that arise as
plants, responsive to environmental stimuli, develop a vegetative
plant body, produce seeds and fruits or organs of perennation.
Part Β is the outgrowth of an original chapter destined to deal with
the hormone concept in plant physiology—with its history and present
status. Although references to plant hormones and hormonal action
occur throughout the treatise, they needed to be synthesized and
integrated in a chapter devoted to an overview of plant hormones.
But the volume of work and the new classes of active, growth-regulat-
ing substances necessitated both a comprehensive restatement of their
nature and actions, even as it required more specialists in its comple-
tion. But, to conform to the original design and to retain earlier cross
ix
χ PREFACE
references, Part Β, subtitled The Hormones, is organized as a chapter
in Volume VI of the treatise.
Part C could be called Ontogeny, but because it is largely devoted
to angiosperms it is entitled From Seeds to Sexuality. Three concise
papers on Germination, on Cell Growth and Cell Development, and
on Cell Division in Higher Plants treat these topics from a single point
of view, and they focus attention on the problems of early develop-
ment in angiosperms. Part VIC is completed by a comprehensive
treatment of sexuality in flowering plants. Appropriately, the volume
concludes with problems that arise, and points of view that emerge,
as development is considered in the light of genetics.
With the lapse of time, the topics dealt with in Volume VI are up to
date and, in so presenting them, much factual information that also
relates to earlier volumes has been included. Thus, the treatise, as
the organisms with which it deals, has developed, and in the progress
of the whole its parts have been renewed.
As always, the merit of the volume rests upon the work of the
individual authors; for this and for their forbearance with my prob-
lems I am grateful. The understanding of the staff of Academic
Press in the face of circumstances which complicated production is
gratefully acknowledged.
Again, Dr. William J. Dress of the L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell
University, relieved me by considering all problems of nomenclature
and by preparing the Index of Plant Names. For Volumes VIA, B,
and C the Subject Indexes were prepared by Mr. George H. Craven.
F. C. STEWARD
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
Volume IA. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION AND RESPIRATION
Historical Introduction—F. C. STEWARD
The Plant Cell and Its Inclusions—R. BROWN
Proteins, Enzymes, and the Mechanism of Enzyme Action—BIRGIT
VENNESLAND
Cellular Respiration—DAVID R. GODDARD AND WALTER D. BONNER
Volume IB. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMOSYNTHESIS
Energy Storage: Photosynthesis—HANS GAFFRON
Chemosynthesis : The Energy Relations of Chemoautotrophic Orga-
nisms—MARTIN GIBBS AND JEROME A. SGHIFF
Volume II. PLANTS IN RELATION TO WATER AND SOLUTES
Cell Membranes : Their Resistance to Penetration and Their Capacity
for Transport—RUNAR COLLANDER
Water Relations of Cells—T. A. BENNET-CLARK
The Water Relations of Stomatal Cells and the Mechanisms of
Stomatal Movement—Ο. V. S. HEATH
Plants in Relation to Inorganic Salts—F. C. STEWARD AND J. F.
SUTCLIFFE
Translocation of Organic Solutes—C. A. SWANSON
Translocation of Inorganic Solutes—O. BIDDULPH
Transpiration and the Water Economy of Plants—PAUL J. KRAMER
Volume III. INORGANIC NUTRITION OF PLANTS
Mineral Nutrition of Plants in Soils and in Culture Media—C. BOULD
AND E.J. HEWITT
The Essential Nutrient Elements: Requirements and Interactions in
Plants—E.J. HEWITT
Inorganic Nutrient Nutrition of Microorganisms—D.J. D. NICHOLAS
Modes of Action of the Essential Mineral Elements—ALVIN NASON
AND WILLIAM D. MGELROY
Biological Nitrogen Fixation—ARTTURI I. VIRTANEN AND JORMA K.
MIETTINEN
Microbial Activities of Soil as They Affect Plant Nutrition—J. H.
QUASTEL
xii CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
Volume IVA. METABOLISM: ORGANIC NUTRITION AND NITROGEN
METABOLISM
Introduction: The Concept of Metabolism—F. C. STEWARD
Photosynthesis (Carbon Assimilation) : Environmental and Metabolic
Relationships—MOYER D. THOMAS
Micrometeorology and the Physiology of Plants in Their Natural
Environment—EDGAR LEMON
The Respiration of Plants and Their Organs—E. W. YEMM
The Respiration of Bulky Organs—DOROTHY F. FORWARD
Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds—F. C. STEWARD AND D. J.
DURZAN
Volume IVB. METABOLISM: INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM AND PATHOLOGY
Carbohydrates: Their Role in Plant Metabolism and Nutrition—
MARTIN GIBBS
Metabolism of the Organic Acids—H. BEEVERS, M. L. STILLER, AND
V. S. BUTT
The Plant Lipids—V. S. BUTT AND H. BEEVERS
The Physiology of Parasitic Disease—E. G. BOLLARD AND R. E. F.
MATTHEWS
Volume VA. ANALYSIS OF GROWTH: BEHAVIOR OF PLANTS
AND THEIR ORGANS
The Quantitative Analysis of Growth—F. J. RICHARDS
Phyllotaxis: A Problem of Growth and Form—F. J. RICHARDS AND
W. W. SCHWABE
Tropic, Nastic, and Tactic Responses—NIGEL G. BALL
Chemical Plant Growth Regulation—R. L. WAIN AND C. H. FAWCETT
Environmental Factors in Regulation of Growth and Development:
Ecological Factors—F. W. WENT AND LILLIAN OVERLAND SHEPS
Volume VB. ANALYSIS OF GROWTH: THE RESPONSES OF
CELLS AND TISSUES IN CULTURE
Growth in Organized and Unorganized Systems—H. E. STREET
Biochemical Differentiation : The Biosynthetic Potentialities of Grow-
ing and Quiescent Tissue—A. D. KRIKORIAN AND F. C. STEWARD
Growth and Morphogenesis in Tissue and Free Cell Cultures—F. C.
STEWARD, WITH M. O. MAPES AND P. V. AMMIRATO
Abnormal Growth in Plants—ARMIN C. BRAUN
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES xiii
Volume VIB. PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT:
THE HORMONES
The Natural Plant Hormones—Κ. V. THIMANN
With sections by L. G. PALEG AND C. A. WEST, and
F. SKOOG AND R. Y. SCHMITZ
Volume VIC. PHYSIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT:
FROM SEEDS TO SEXUALITY
( Tentative )
Germination—R. BROWN
Cell Division in Higher Plants—R. BROWN AND A. F. DYER
Cell Growth and Cell Development—R. BROWN
Sexuality of Angiosperms—J. HESLOP-HARRISON
Developmental Genetics: With Emphasis on Lower Eucaryotic
Plants—A. M. SRB
Developmental Genetics of Higher Plants: An Outline—J. HESLOP-
HARRISON
Integration and Organization: Control Mechanisms—F. C. STEWARD
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
The Plan of the Treatise
The treatise is planned in three main sections, as follows :
Section on Cell Physiology and Problems Relating
to Water and Solutes
The purpose of this section is to present the properties of cells, their
energy relations (Volume I), and behavior toward water and solutes
with the closely related problems of the movement of solutes within
the plant body and the economy of water in plants (Volume II).
The underlying theme of Volumes I and II is the basis of plant
physiology in cell physiology.
Section on Nutrition and Metabolism
In this section the detailed facts and knowledge of nutrition and
metabolism are presented, first with reference to the need for, and
utilization of, inorganic nutrients (Volume III), and second with
respect to the processes of organic nutrition (Volume IV). The treat-
ment of organic nutrition leads to a reconsideration of photosynthesis
and respiration at the level of organs and organisms. Volume IV
describes the intermediary metabolism of carbon and nitrogenous
compounds and presents a brief comparison of plants in health and
in disease.
The main theme of Volumes III and IV is the nutrition, organic
and inorganic, of plants and the biochemical steps by which these
processes are achieved.
Section on Growth and Development
The purpose of the last section is to present the problems of plant
physiology as seen through the analysis of growth and development,
mainly with reference to flowering plants. As reconstituted, Volume V
now contains an appraisal of the main events of growth as seen through
the behavior of plants and their organs (VA) and, later, of cultured
cells and tissues (VB). The quantitative interpretation of growth, the
effects of environmental factors, the treatment of tropisms and of the
effects of many exogenous growth-regulating compounds are all dis-
cussed in Volume VA. Volume VB deals, collectively, with various
aspects of the normal and abnormal growth of cells and tissues in
culture. Thus Volume VI will be concerned with various aspects of
development; these will include a morphological approach to de-
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