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PLANT PATHOGENS Detection and Management for Sustainable Agriculture PLANT PATHOGENS Detection and Management for Sustainable Agriculture Edited by Pradeep Kumar Ajay K. Tiwari Madhu Kamle Zafar Abbas Priyanka Singh Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc. 4164 Lakeshore Road 1265 Goldenrod Circle NE Burlington ON L7L 1A4, Canada Palm Bay, Florida 32905, USA © 2020 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-788-5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-42905-721-2 (eBook) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permis sion in writing from the publisher or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reason able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and identification without intent to infringe. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Plant pathogens : detection and management for sustainable agriculture / edited by Pradeep Kumar [and four others]. Other titles: Plant pathogens (Oakville, Ont.) Names: Kumar, Pradeep (Professor of biotechnology), editor. Series: Innovations in plant science for better health. Description: Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190137231 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190137274 | ISBN 9781771887885 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429057212 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Phytopathogenic microorganisms. | LCSH: Phytopathogenic microorganisms—Detection. | LCSH: Phytopathogenic microorganisms—Control. | LCSH: Sustainable agriculture. Classification: LCC SB731 .P63 2019 | DDC 632/.3—dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kumar, Pradeep (Professor of biotechnology), editor. | Tiwari, A. K. (Ajay K.), editor. | Kamle, Madhu, editor. | Abbas, Zafar (Professor of botany), editor. | Singh, Priyanka, 1975- editor. Title: Plant pathogens : detection and management for sustainable agriculture / edited by Pradeep Kumar, Ajay K. Tiwari, Madhu Kamle, Zafar Abbas, Priyanka Singh. Description: 1st edition. | Palm Bay, Florida : Apple Academic Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Plant Pathogens: Detection and Management for Sustainable Agriculture addresses the most critical issues in the management of emerging diseases throughout the world. Experts in plant pathology from internationally renowned institutes share their research and examine key literature on vital issues in pathogen disease diagnosis and management. They look at both traditional pathology as well as new and advanced biotechnological and molecular diagnosis approaches. This book is divided into four parts, covering viral and fungal disease detection and management, nematode diseases and management, bio-control, and biotechnological approaches and impact of climate change. The authors look at the challenges of crop protection against diseases caused by plant pathogens for the most economically important crops, including fruits, vegetables, and cereals. The establishment and management of plant diseases using conventional and eco friendly methods are discussed with an emphasis on the use of beneficial microbes and modern biotechnological approaches. Plant Pathogens: Detection and Management for Sustainable Agriculture focuses on expert disease diagnosis and integrated management practices with molecular diagnostic techniques to achieve disease free-plants from a wide array of pathogens. The volume will be a valuable source of information for those involved with and studying plant pathology and crop disease management”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019026294 (print) | LCCN 2019026295 (ebook) | ISBN 9781771887885 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429057212 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Phytopathogenic microorganisms--Research. Classification: LCC SB732.5 .P53 2019 (print) | LCC SB732.5 (ebook) | DDC 632/.3072--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019026294 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019026295 Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products, visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com About the Editors Pradeep Kumar, PhD Pradeep Kumar, PhD, is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology (NERIST) Deemed to be University-MHRD, Government of India, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Before he joined NERIST, he worked as an international research professor/assistant professor in the Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, South Korea. He was Postdoctorate Researcher in the Department of Biotechnology Engi neering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, and was awarded a PBC-outstanding Post-Doc Fellowship for more than three years. His areas of research and expertise are wide, including microbial biotech nology, plant pathology, bacterial genetics, insect-pest biocontrol, gene expression, cry genes, and molecular biology. He has been honored with an international travel grant from Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel, to attend an international conference. He was awarded with prestigious Early Career Research Award from Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. He is the recipient of a best paper presentation and the Narasimhan Award by the Indian Phytopathological Society, India. He has presented several oral and poster presentations at various national and international conferences. He has published three book and 50 research and review articles in peer-reviewed journals and several book chapters with international publishers, including Springer, CABI, Bentham, and Apple Academic Press. He is serving as an associate editor for PLOS ONE, BMC-Complementary and Alternative Medicine, a guest editor for Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, and he also provides his services to over 30 journals as editor, editorial board member, technical editor, and peer reviewer. Ajay Kumar Tiwari, PhD Ajay K. Tiwari, PhD, is a Scientific Officer at the UP Council of Sugar cane Research, Shahjahnapur, UP, India. He has published 70 research articles, nine review articles in national and international journals, several book chapters in edited books, and has also authored several edited books About the Editors vi published by Springer, Taylor & Francis, and others. He has submitted more than 150 nucleotide sequences of plant pathogens to GenBank. He is a regular reviewer of many international journals as well as an editorial board member. He is Managing Editor of the journal Sugar Tech and Chief Editor of the journal Agrica. He has received several young researcher awards and was nominated for the Narshiman Award by the Indian Phytopathological Society, India. Dr. Tiwari is also the recipient of many international travel awards given by governmental agencies in India and other countries. He has visited Belgium, Brazil, China, Italy, Germany, and Thailand for conferences and workshops and has delivered several invited talks at Oman University for PhD students on phytoplasma disease diagnosis and management. Dr. Tiwari has been involved in the research on molecular characterization and management of agricultural plant pathogens for the last nine years. Currently, he is working on molecular characterization of sugarcane phytoplasmas and their secondary spread in nature. He is a regular member of several professional organizations, including the British Society of Plant Pathology, Indian Phytopathological Society, Sugarcane Technologists Association of India, International Society of Sugarcane Technologists, Society of Sugarcane Research and Promotion, and others. Dr. Tiwari earned his PhD from CCS University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. Madhu Kamle Madhu Kamle is currently working as an Assistant Professor in Depart ment of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science & Tech nology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Her area of research is plant biotechnology, plant–microbe interaction, microbial genomics, and plant disease diagnosis. She did her PhD in plant biotechnology at ICAR CISH, Lucknow, and Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India. She had been awarded a prestigious PBC Outstanding Post-doctoral Fellowship (2014–2016) from the Council of Higher Education, Israel, and is a recipient of a post-doc fellowship from the Jacob Blaustein Institute of Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Israel (2013–2014). She has also worked as an International Research Professor in the School of Biotech nology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea. She has 10 years of research experience and has published 25 research papers in peer-reviewed journals, 10 book chapters, and one edited book from Springer Nature, Switzerland. She is working as an editor for Science About the Editors vii Alert journals and Taylor & Francis journals, and as a reviewer for various Springer, Taylor & Francis, Frontiers, and PLOS journals. She is a life member of the Nano-Molecular Society and member of the American Society of Microbiology. Zafar Abbas, PhD Zafar Abbas, PhD, is a Senior Associate Professor and Chairman in the P. G. Department of Botany at G. F. College, M. J. P. Rohilkhand University in Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has 40 years of research experi ence in plant and crop physiology, with a specialization in plant nutrition. He has attended several national and international seminars and confer ences. At present, eight PhD students have completed their doctorate degrees under his supervision. Dr. Abbas is a life member and member of editorial boards of several Indian and foreign journals and societies, and he has authored a book and has published over 30 articles. Priyanka Singh, PhD Priyanka Singh, PhD, is a Scientific Officer of the Uttar Pradesh Council of Sugarcane Research, (UPCSR) Shahjahanpur, India. She has worked at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, India, for nine years. She has 19 years of research experience with a specialization in organophosphorus chemistry and in the area of cane quality/posthar vest management of sugar losses with the help of chemicals as well as ecofriendly compounds. She has extensive experience using electrolyzed water to preserve cane quality and is responsible for the first time that it was reported that electrolyzed water has immense potential to be used in the sugar industry to preserve postharvest sucrose losses. She has synthesized and characterized 37 new organophosphorus compounds belonging to the chalcone series, of which two important chemicals (chalcone thiosemicarbazone and chalcone dithiocarbazate) were found to be highly fungitoxic to the sugarcane parasitic fungi Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Curvularia pallescens. She has worked on the extraction of volatile constituents from higher plants and their biological activity against agricultural pests. She has also worked on the management of postharvest formation of nonsugar and polysaccharide compounds in sugarcane and the effect of bioproducts on growth, yield, and quality of sugarcane and soil health. She has also worked on indicators of postharvest losses in sugarcane and reported that mannitol is one of the most important indicators. About the Editors viii Presently she is working on varietal spectrum of sugarcane for the selection of elite sugarcane varieties so as to recommend the proper vari etal balance of sugarcane varieties in Uttar Pradesh, as well as working on modulating the activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes through bio active silicon (orthosilicic acid) for increased cane and sugar productivity, which will benefit farmers as well as the sugar industry in remarkable way. She is also managing and working on a project on “Assessment of postharvest quality deterioration in promising sugarcane varieties under sub-tropical condition” which is expected to reduce postharvest losses and will increase sugar recovery. She is carrying a project on “Varietal screening for jaggery” production at UPCSR, Shahjahanpur, for the recommendation of elite sugarcane varieties for commercial production of jaggery. Dr. Singh is a research advisor for a dissertation on genetic diversity in sugarcane and a training advisor for MSc students. She has organized several short-term training programs on techniques in microbiology, biotechnology, and molecular biology. She received an “Award of Excel lence” from Sinai University, Al Arish, Egypt, in 2008. She is also serving as Managing Editor for the journal Sugar Tech and as Executive Editor for journal Agarica. In addition, she is a reviewer for several international journals. She is one of the editors of the Proceeding of International Conference IS-2011. A prolific author, Dr. Singh has authored a book on innovative healthy recipes with jaggery, edited three books on postharvest management of sugarcane, written several annual reports, written on 100 years of sugarcane research, and published three book chapters and more than 50 research papers in various national and international journals and proceedings. She has attended several national and international confer ences and workshops in China, Egypt, Thailand, and India, and has coor dinated technical as well as plenary sessions in India, China, and Egypt. Dr. Singh completed her PhD on “Efficacy of organophophorus deriva tives against fungal pathogens of sugarcane” in 2000 from DDU, Gora khpur University (Uttar Pradesh, India). She was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from DST, New Delhi in the years 2006 and 2010. Contents Contributors ............................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ...........................................................................................xv Preface ...................................................................................................xvii PART I: Viral and Fungal Disease and Management ......................... 1 1. Viral Diseases of Okra in Ghana and Their Management ......................3 Elvis Asare-Bediako 2. Current and Prospective Approaches for Plant Virus Diseases Detection ..................................................................................... 15 Touseef Hussain, and Quazi Mohd. Imranul Haq 3. Virus Afflictions of Anticancerous Medicinal Plant Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don .............................................................. 35 Deepa Srivastava and K. Shukla 4. Important Diseases of Papaya and Their Integrated Disease Management ................................................................................ 67 Diganggana Talukdar, Utpal Dey, and G. P. Jagtap 5. Fungal Diversity under Different Agri-Systems and Their Beneficial Utilization in Plant Health Management .............................. 89 Vibha 6. Mycoflora Associated with Paddy Varieties .......................................... 123 Shveta Malhotra 7. Plant Disease Detection and Management: An Overview ...................157 S. M. Yahaya PART II: Nematode Diseases and Management .............................. 179 8. Role of Biological Agents for the Management of Plant Parasitic Nematodes ..................................................................... 181 Aamir Raina, Mohammad Danish, Samiullah Khan, and Hisamuddin