Plant-Pathogen Interactions (Annual Plant Reviews S.) (Annual Plant Reviews)

265 Pages·2004·3.93 MB·English

by  Nicolas Talbot

Plant–Pathogen Interactions
Annual Plant Reviews
A series for researchers and postgraduates in the plant sciences. Each volume in this
series focuses on a theme of topical importance and emphasis is placed on rapid
publication.
Editorial Board:
Professor Jeremy A. Roberts (Editor-in-Chief), Plant Science Division, School of
Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough,
Leics, LE12 5RD, UK.
Professor Hidemasa Imaseki, Obata-Minami 2 4 19, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463, Japan.
Dr Michael McManus, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Massey University,
Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Dr Jocelyn Rose, Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
14853, USA.
Professor David G. Robinson, Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences, University of
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Titles in the series:
1. Arabidopsis
Edited by M. Anderson and J. Roberts
2. Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism
Edited by M. Wink
3. Functions of Plant Secondary Metabolites and their Exploitation in Biotechnology
Edited by M. Wink
4. Molecular Plant Pathology
Edited by M. Dickinson and J. Beynon
5. Vacuolar Compartments
Edited by D.G. Robinson and J.C. Rogers
6. Plant Reproduction
Edited by S.D. O’Neill and J.A. Roberts
7. Protein–Protein Interactions in Plant Biology
Edited by M.T. McManus, W.A. Laing and A.C. Allan
8. The Plant Cell Wall
Edited by J. Rose
9. The Golgi Apparatus and the Plant Secretory Pathway
Edited by D.G. Robinson
10. The Plant Cytoskeleton in Cell Differentiation and Development
Edited by P.J. Hussey
11. Plant–Pathogen Interactions
Edited by N.J. Talbot
Plant–Pathogen Interactions
Edited by
NICHOLAS J. TALBOT
Professor of Molecular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences
Washington Singer Laboratories
University of Exeter
UK
Blackwell
Publishing
© 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Trademark notice: Product or corporate
names may be trademarks or registered trade-
Editorial Offices: marks, and are used only for identification and
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, explanation, without intent to infringe.
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
Tel: [phone] First published 2004
Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd,
550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Library of Congress
Victoria 3053, Australia Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Tel: [phone] A catalog record for this title is available from
the Library of Congress
ISBN 1–4051–1433–9
ISSN 1460–1494 British Library
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
Published in the USA and Canada (only) by A catalogue record for this title is available
CRC Press LLC, from the British Library
2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W.,
Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA Set in 10/12 pt Times
Orders from the USA and Canada (only) to by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd,
CRC Press LLC Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
USA and Canada only: MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
ISBN 0–8493–2343–6
ISSN 1097–7570 For further information on
Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
The right of the Author to be identified as the www.blackwellpublishing.com
Author of this Work has been asserted in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
This book contains information obtained
from authentic and highly regarded sources.
Reprinted material is quoted with permission,
and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and
information, but the author and the publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or for the consequences of
their use.
Contents
List of Contributors x
Preface xii
1 Emerging themes in plant–pathogen interactions 1
NICHOLAS J. TALBOT
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Breaching the host cuticle 1
1.2.1 MAP kinase signalling during infection-related development by fungi 2
1.3 Invading host tissue 4
1.4 Subverting host metabolism and defence 4
1.4.1 Effector proteins deployed by pathogenic bacteria 7
1.4.2 Host mimicry 8
1.5 Perception of pathogens 9
1.5.1 Recognition in gene-for-gene interactions and the guard hypothesis 14
1.6 Genome-level analysis of pathogens 15
1.6.1 Fungal and oomycete phytopathogen genomics 17
1.7 The future 18
References 19
2 Tobacco mosaic virus 27
JOHN PETER CARR
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Tobacco mosaic virus: virion and genome structure 28
2.2.1 Genome structure and the taxonomy of TMV and related viruses 28
2.2.2 The TMV virion 29
2.2.3 Virion assembly 29
2.2.4 Proteins encoded by the TMV genome 30
2.2.5 Untranslated and regulatory RNA sequences within the
TMV genome 32
2.2.6 The establishment of TMV infection 32
2.3 TMV replication and the synthesis of subgenomic mRNAs 34
2.3.1 The process of replication and subgenomic RNA synthesis 34
2.3.2 The composition of the TMV replicase complex and its
location in the infected cell 35
2.4 Movement of TMV within the host 38
2.4.1 Cell-to-cell movement of tobamoviruses 38
2.4.1.1 Plasmodesmata and the viral movement protein 38
2.4.1.2 Interactions of the TMV MP with host cell ultrastructure 40
2.4.1.3 Interactions of the TMV MP with host proteins 41
2.4.1.4 Are other virus-encoded proteins involved in
cell-to-cell movement? 43
vi CONTENTS
2.4.2 Systemic movement of tobamoviruses 43
2.4.2.1 Virus movement and the phloem 43
2.4.2.2 The movement protein 43
2.4.2.3 The coat protein and systemic movement 45
2.4.2.4 The replicase proteins, virus replication, and
systemic movement 46
2.4.2.5 The role of the host in the systemic movement of
tobamoviruses 47
2.5 Host reactions to TMV 47
2.5.1 The ‘susceptible’ host 47
2.5.1.1 Chlorosis and vein clearing in systemically infected plants 49
2.5.1.2 Mosaic symptoms in systemically infected plants:
an effect of localized RNA silencing? 49
2.5.2 Resistance to tobamoviruses 51
2.5.2.1 The N resistance gene 51
2.5.2.2 Resistance genes that are elicited by the tobamoviral CP 52
2.5.2.3 Genes for resistance to tobamoviruses in tomato 52
2.5.2.4 Genetically engineered resistance to tobamoviruses 53
2.6 Future directions for TMV research: making an old foe into a new friend? 54
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
3 Infection with potyviruses 68
MINNA-LIISA RAJAMÄKI, TUULA MÄKI-VALKAMA,
KRISTIINA MÄKINEN and JARI P.T. VALKONEN
3.1 Infection cycle (general summary) 68
3.2 Architecture of virions 70
3.3 Entry of virions into the cell, disassembly and assembly 72
3.4 Translation and polyprotein processing 72
3.4.1 Translation initiation 72
3.4.2 Polyprotein processing 73
3.5 RNA synthesis and viral genome replication 74
3.6 Virus movement 76
3.6.1 Intracellular movement 76
3.6.2 Cell-to-cell movement 77
3.6.3 Vascular movement 78
3.7 Induction of symptoms 79
3.8 Transmission 81
3.8.1 Transmission by aphids 81
3.8.2 Seed transmission 81
3.8.3 Mechanical transmission 82
3.9 Variability and evolution 82
Acknowledgments 84
References 85
4 The Ralstonia solanacearum–plant interaction 92
CHRISTIAN BOUCHER and STÉPHANE GENIN
4.1 The pathogen 92
4.1.1 A major plant pathogen with an unusually wide host range 92
4.1.2 Taxonomical status of the species and infraspecific classification 92
CONTENTS vii
4.1.3 R. solanacearum, a vascular pathogen that promotes xylem vessel occlusion 94
4.1.4 Epidemiology and environmental survival 95
4.2 Molecular studies of pathogenicity determinants 97
4.2.1 Exopolysaccharide I 97
4.2.2 Protein secretion systems 98
4.2.2.1 Plant cell wall degrading enzymes and proteins secreted
through the General Secretory Pathway 98
4.2.2.2 The Type III secretion system (TTSS) 100
4.2.3 Motility and attachment to host cell surfaces 102
4.2.3.1 Swimming motility 102
4.2.3.2 Type IV pili 102
4.2.4 Regulation of pathogenicity 103
4.2.4.1 PhcA, a global regulator controlling phenotypic conversion 104
4.2.4.2 An atypical cell-sensing system 104
4.2.4.3 A multicomponent network regulating virulence functions 104
4.2.4.4 hrp gene activation in response to plant cell contact 105
4.2.5 Genome-wide identification of candidate genes potentially
involved in pathogenicity 105
Acknowledgment 106
References 106
5 The Pseudomonas syringae–bean system 113
SUSAN S. HIRANO and CHRISTEN D. UPPER
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 The system 114
5.3 Population sizes of Pss on populations of leaf habitats 114
5.4 Population processes: searching for causes of variability
in pathogen population sizes 117
5.4.1 Immigration and multiplication 118
5.4.2 Emigration and death 120
5.4.3 The four processes working together 120
5.4.4 Enter the environment 121
5.4.5 Enter the host 123
5.5 Pss population sizes and the likelihood of disease development 124
5.6 How does Pss cause brown spot lesions? 125
5.6.1 Growth chamber assays 127
5.6.2 Field experiments 129
5.6.2.1 Germinating bean seeds 129
5.6.2.2 Leaves 129
5.6.2.3 Brown spot disease 130
5.6.3 Growth chamber assays revisited 131
5.6.4 Reconciliation 131
5.7 Summary 132
References 134
6 Fungal pathogenesis in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea 138
CHAOYANG XUE, LEI LI, KYEYONG SEONG
and JIN-RONG XU
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Life cycle of Magnaporthe grisea 138
viii CONTENTS
6.3 Conidium attachment and germination 141
6.3.1 Attachment 141
6.3.2 Germination 142
6.4 Appressorium morphogenesis 142
6.4.1 Surface recognition and appressorium initiation 142
6.4.2 Appressorium maturation 143
6.4.3 The role of cAMP signaling in surface recognition and
appressorium initiation 144
6.4.4 PMK1 regulates appressorium formation and maturation 145
6.4.5 Hydrophobin MPG1 and surface recognition 147
6.4.6 Other factors affecting appressorium formation 147
6.4.7 Other mutants defective in appressorium morphogenesis 148
6.5 Penetration 149
6.5.1 Penetration peg 149
6.5.2 Forces of penetration 149
6.5.3 Turgor generation 150
6.5.4 Other genes involved in appressorial penetration 151
6.6 Infectious growth and lesion formation 152
6.6.1 Infectious hyphae 152
6.6.2 Phytotoxins produced by M. grisea 153
6.6.3 Avirulence genes 153
6.6.4 Nutritional requirements and metabolic activities during
infectious growth 154
6.6.5 Other mutants defective in infectious growth and lesion formation 155
6.6.6 Genes specifically or highly expressed during infectious growth 156
6.7 Conidiation 157
6.8 Genomics studies 158
6.9 Future perspectives 159
References 159
7 The Ustilago maydis–maize interaction 166
MARIA D. GARCIA-PEDRAJAS, STEVEN
J. KLOSTERMAN, DAVID L. ANDREWS and
SCOTT E. GOLD
7.1 Introduction 166
7.2 Teliospore germination and meiosis 168
7.3 Mating and dikaryon formation 169
7.4 Penetration 178
7.4.1 Infection structures in U. maydis 178
7.4.2 Can haploid strains penetrate plant cells? 180
7.4.3 Regulation of appressorium formation and plant penetration 181
7.4.4 Potential role of lytic enzymes in penetration 181
7.5 Colonization of maize tissue 182
7.5.1 Proliferation of hyphae 182
7.5.2 Interspecies signaling and colonization-specific fungal
gene expression 184
7.5.3 The biotrophic interface 185
7.6 Gall formation and teliosporogenesis 186
7.6.1 Developmental stages during gall formation and teliosporogenesis 186
7.6.2 Genetic regulation of gall formation and teliosporogenesis 187
7.6.3 Completion of sexual cycle in vitro 190
7.6.4 Role of phytohormones in gall formation 191
CONTENTS ix
7.7 Survival 191
7.8 Genetic diversity in U. maydis 192
7.9 Host resistance 193
7.10 Conclusions 194
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
8 Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, an obligate pathogen of barley 202
MAIKE BOTH and PIETRO D. SPANU
8.1 Introduction 202
8.2 Life cycle – an overview 203
8.3 Conidia and germination 205
8.4 Surface perception and early events following contact with the surface 206
8.5 Signal transduction during early development of B. graminis f. sp. hordei 209
8.5.1 cAMP and PKA 209
8.5.2 MAP kinases 210
8.5.3 PKC 211
8.5.4 G-proteins 212
8.6 Penetration 212
8.7 The haustorium 213
8.8 Vegetative growth and sporulation 215
8.9 Outlook 216
References 217
9 The Phytophthora infestans–potato interaction 219
PIETER VAN WEST and VIVIANNE
G.A.A. VLEESHOUWERS
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 History of late blight 219
9.3 Economic and social impact of Phytophthora plant pathogens 220
9.4 Phytophthora infestans and its taxonomic position 221
9.5 The disease cycle of Phytophthora infestans 221
9.5.1 Molecular and cellular events during the disease cycle of P. infestans 223
9.5.1.1 Release of zoospores from sporangia 223
9.5.1.2 Encystment, germination, and appressoria formation 225
9.5.1.3 Mating 227
9.5.1.4 In planta gene expression 228
9.6 The plant response 231
9.6.1 Compatible interactions 231
9.6.2 Incompatible interactions 231
9.6.2.1 Race-specific resistance and the hypersensitive response 231
9.6.2.2 Avirulence genes 231
9.6.2.3 Resistance genes 232
9.6.2.4 Non-host resistance 233
9.6.2.5 Partial resistance 234
9.6.3 Durable resistance 234
9.7 Future perspectives 235
Acknowledgements 236
References 236
Index 243