Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology

421 Pages·2011·9.15 MB·English

by  Hiroshi Ashihara

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Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology
Plant Metabolism and Biotechnology, First Edition. Edited by Hiroshi Ashihara, Alan Crozier, and Atsushi Komamine.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-74703-2
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Plant Metabolism and
Biotechnology
Edited by
HIROSHI ASHIHARA
Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities
and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
ALAN CROZIER
Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, School of Medicine,
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences,
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
ATSUSHI KOMAMINE
The Research Institute of Evolutionary Biology,
Tokyo, Japan
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Plantmetabolismandbiotechnology/editedbyHiroshiAshihara,AlanCrozier,AtsushiKomamine.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-74703-2(hardback)
1.Plants–Metabolism. 2.Plantbiotechnology. I.Ashihara,Hiroshi. II.Crozier,Alan.
III.Komamine,Atsushi,1929–
QK881.P5342011
660.6–dc22
2010049393
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
PrintISBN: 9780470747032
ePDFISBN: 9781119991328
oBookISBN: 9781119991311
ePubISBN: 9781119993223
eMobiISBN: 9781119993230
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
PrintedinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
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Contents
ListofContributors xiii
Preface xv
1 BiosynthesisandMetabolismofStarchandSugars 1
FrederikBo¨rnkeandSophiaSonnewald
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 CarbonPartitioninginMesophyllCells 2
1.3 SucroseBiosynthesisinSourceLeaves 3
1.3.1 RegulatoryEnzymesofthePathway 4
1.4 StarchMetabolisminSourceLeaves 7
1.4.1 StarchSynthesiswithintheChloroplast 7
1.4.2 StarchBreakdowninLeavesandMetabolismofitsDegradation
ProductsintheCytosol 9
1.5 SucrosetoStarchConversioninStorageOrgans 12
1.6 MetabolicEngineeringofCarbohydrateMetabolism 14
1.6.1 IncreasingStarchContent 14
1.6.2 AlteringStarchQuality 15
1.7 EngineeringSolubleSugars 16
1.8 ProductionofNovelCarbohydratesinTransgenicPlants 17
1.9 NetworkAnalysisofCarbohydrateMetabolism 18
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
2 LipidBiosynthesis 27
DavidHildebrand
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 FattyAcidSynthesis 29
2.3 FattyAcidDesaturases 32
2.3.1 (cid:2)-9Desaturases 32
2.3.2 (cid:2)-12Desaturases 35
2.3.3 (cid:3)-3Desaturases 37
2.4 LipidSignals 38
2.5 Algae 38
2.6 MembraneSynthesis 39
2.7 TAGBiosynthesis 43
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vi Contents
2.8 GeneticEngineeringofOilseedforIndustrialUses 46
2.9 PlantOilsasaRenewableResource 48
Acknowledgements 51
References 52
3 SymbioticNitrogenFixation 67
HiroshiKouchi
3.1 NitrogenFixingOrganismsandtheNitrogenaseSystem 67
3.1.1 NitrogenFixingMicroorganisms 67
3.1.2 TheNitrogenaseComplex 68
3.1.3 NifGenesandRegulation 69
3.2 SymbioticNoduleFormationinLegumePlants 70
3.2.1 InfectionandtheNodulationProcess 70
3.2.2 NodFactors,EarlySymbioticSignallingandtheRhizobial
InfectionProcess 72
3.3 MutualInteractionsbetweenHostCellsandBacteroidsinLegume
Nodules 76
3.3.1 DifferentiationofRhizobiaintoBacteroids 76
3.3.2 ProtectionoftheNitrogenaseSystemfromOxygeninRootNodules 78
3.3.3 MetaboliteExchangebetweenthePlantCellCytosolandBacteroids 79
3.4 MolecularGeneticApproachestotheHostRegulationofNitrogen
Fixation 83
3.4.1 TheFix−Mutants:HostLegume-DeterminedIneffectiveNodules 83
3.4.2 MetabolicPartnershipsUnveiledbyFix−Mutants 87
3.4.3 PrematureSenescenceinFix−NodulesandSymbiosome
Organisation 90
Acknowledgements 92
References 92
4 SulfurMetabolism 103
HidekiTakahashi
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 SulfateTransport 104
4.2.1 SulfateTransportMechanisms 104
4.2.2 SulfateUptakeSystem 106
4.2.3 TransportofSulfatefromRootstoShoots 107
4.2.4 SubcellularTransportofSulfate 109
4.2.5 RedistributionofSulfur 109
4.2.6 RegulationofSulfateUptake 110
4.3 SulfateReduction 111
4.3.1 ATPSulfurylase 111
4.3.2 APSReductase 112
4.3.3 APSKinase 112
4.3.4 SulfiteReductase 113
4.3.5 RegulationofSulfateReduction 113
4.4 CysteineBiosynthesis 114
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Contents vii
4.4.1 O-Acetylserine(thiol)lyase 114
4.4.2 SerineAcetyltransferase 115
4.4.3 CysteineSynthaseComplex 116
4.5 MethionineBiosynthesis 117
4.5.1 BiosyntheticPathways 117
4.5.2 RegulationofMethionineBiosynthesis 118
4.6 RegulatorsforCoordinationofSulfurMetabolism 118
4.6.1 TranscriptionalRegulators 118
4.6.2 MicroRNA-395 119
4.6.3 OAS-MediatedRegulation 120
4.6.4 OutlookforApplication 120
References 121
5 NucleotideMetabolism 135
RitaZrennerandHiroshiAshihara
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 PyrimidineMetabolism 136
5.2.1 DeNovoBiosyntheticPathway 136
5.2.2 BiosynthesisofThymidineNucleotides 138
5.2.3 SalvagePathways 139
5.2.4 Catabolism 140
5.2.5 SecondaryMetabolites 142
5.3 PurineMetabolism 142
5.3.1 DeNovoBiosyntheticPathway 142
5.3.2 SalvagePathways 145
5.3.3 Catabolism 146
5.3.4 SecondaryMetabolites 148
5.4 PyridineMetabolism 149
5.4.1 DeNovoBiosyntheticPathway 149
5.4.2 PyridineNucleotideCycle 149
5.4.3 SecondaryMetabolites 152
5.5 BiotechnologicalApproaches 152
5.5.1 NewHerbicideTargets 153
5.5.2 IncreasedGrowthbyIncreasedNucleotidePrecursorAvailability 154
5.5.3 IncreasedPotatoTuberYieldbyModulatingAdenylatePools 155
References 156
6 PurineAlkaloidMetabolism 163
HiroshiAshihara,ShinjiroOgitaandAlanCrozier
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 ClassificationofPurineAlkaloids 166
6.3 OccurrenceofPurineAlkaloids 166
6.4 BiosynthesisofCaffeine 167
6.4.1 BiosyntheticPathwayfromPurineNucleotides 167
6.4.2 CaffeineBiosynthesisfromXanthosine 168
6.4.3 CellularLocalisationofCaffeineBiosynthesis 170
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6.5 CatabolismofCaffeine 171
6.6 PhysiologicalandEcologicalAspectsofPurineAlkaloidMetabolism
inPlants 173
6.6.1 TissueAgeandCaffeineMetabolism 173
6.6.2 StressResponseofCaffeineBiosynthesis 173
6.6.3 EcologicalRoleofPurineAlkaloids 176
6.7 MetabolicEngineeringofCaffeineInPlanta 176
6.7.1 TissueCultureTechnologiesofCoffeePlants 177
6.7.2 SuppressionofCaffeineBiosynthesisinCoffeePlants 177
6.7.3 ProductionofCaffeineinTobaccoPlants 180
6.7.4 ConstructionofTransgenicCaffeine-ProducingTobaccoPlants 180
6.7.5 RepellingEffectsonTobaccoCutworms 181
6.7.6 Perspectives 183
References 184
7 NicotineBiosynthesis 191
TsubasaShojiandTakashiHashimoto
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 PathwaysandEnzymes 192
7.2.1 PyrrolidineFormation 193
7.2.2 PyridineFormation 195
7.2.3 CouplingofthePyrrolidineandPyridineRings 197
7.2.4 NornicotineFormation 198
7.2.5 AnabasineandAnatabineFormation 199
7.3 CompartmentationandTrafficking 200
7.3.1 Long-DistanceTransportfromRootstoLeaves 200
7.3.2 Cell-SpecificNicotineBiosynthesisinRoots 202
7.3.3 NicotineTransportersInvolvedinVacuolarSequestration 202
7.4 GeneRegulation 203
7.4.1 Jasmonate 203
7.4.2 Ethylene 206
7.4.3 Auxin 206
7.4.4 NICRegulatoryGenes 206
7.5 MetabolicEngineering 207
7.6 RecentDevelopments 208
7.7 Summary 208
References 208
8 TerpenoidBiosynthesis 217
Dae-KyunRo
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 TerpenoidDiversity 218
8.3 MechanisticAspectsofTerpenoidBiogenesis 222
8.4 TerpeneSynthase–Structure,EvolutionandEngineering 223
8.5 TwoDistinctPathwaysforIsopentenylDiphosphate(IPP)Biosynthesis 225
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Contents ix
8.5.1 Mevalonate(MVA)Pathway 225
8.5.2 MethylErythritolPhosphate(MEP)Pathway 227
8.6 SubcellularandCellularCompartmentalisationsofTerpenoid
Metabolism 228
8.6.1 SubcellularLocalisationandMetabolicCross-Talkbetween
MVAandMEPPathways 228
8.6.2 CellularCompartmentalisationofTerpenoidMetabolism 229
8.7 GeneClustersinTerpenoidMetabolism 230
8.8 MetabolicEngineeringofTerpenoidMetabolism 231
8.8.1 MicrobialMetabolicEngineering 232
8.8.2 PlantMetabolicEngineering 233
8.9 ConcludingRemarks 235
References 235
9 BenzylisoquinolineAlkaloidBiosynthesis 241
IsabelDesgagne´-PenixandPeterJFacchini
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 Biosynthesis 242
9.2.1 (S)-Norcoclaurine 242
9.2.2 (S)-Reticuline 244
9.2.3 MorphinanAlkaloids 245
9.2.4 Sanguinarine 245
9.2.5 AporphineandProtoberberineAlkaloids 247
9.2.6 BisbenzylisoquinolineAlkaloidsandLaudanine 249
9.3 LocalisationandTransportofBenzylisoquinolineAlkaloidsandtheir
BiosyntheticEnzymes 249
9.3.1 CellularandSubcellularLocalisation 249
9.3.2 Transport 251
9.4 Regulation 251
9.4.1 GeneRegulation 251
9.4.2 SignalTransduction 251
9.5 ApplicationtoBiotechnology 252
9.5.1 Mutagenesis 252
9.5.2 GeneticTransformationandMetabolicEngineering 252
9.5.3 MetabolicEngineering 254
9.6 Conclusions 254
References 254
10 MonoterpenoidIndoleAlkaloidBiosynthesis 263
VincenzoDeLuca
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 MonoterpenoidIndoleAlkaloid(MIA)Biosynthesis 265
10.2.1 ContributionsofTwoSeparatePathwaysinMIAAssembly 265
10.2.2 GenesfortheBiosynthesisofSecologanin 266
10.2.3 MIABiosynthesisinCatharanthusRoseus 266