Plant Lipids PDF
Preview Plant Lipids
Methods in Molecular Biology 2295 Dorothea Bartels Peter Dörmann Editors Plant Lipids Methods and Protocols M M B ETHODS IN OLECULAR IO LO GY SeriesEditor JohnM.Walker School of Lifeand MedicalSciences University ofHertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK Forfurther volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651 For over 35 years, biological scientists have come to rely on the research protocols and methodologiesinthecriticallyacclaimedMethodsinMolecularBiologyseries.Theserieswas thefirsttointroducethestep-by-stepprotocolsapproachthathasbecomethestandardinall biomedical protocol publishing. Each protocol is provided in readily-reproducible step-by step fashion, opening with an introductory overview, a list of the materials and reagents neededtocompletetheexperiment,andfollowedbyadetailedprocedurethatissupported with a helpful notes section offering tips and tricks of the trade as well as troubleshooting advice. These hallmark features were introduced by series editor Dr. John Walker and constitutethekeyingredientineachandeveryvolumeoftheMethodsinMolecularBiology series. Tested and trusted, comprehensive and reliable, all protocols from the series are indexedinPubMed. Plant Lipids Methods and Protocols Edited by Dorothea Bartels and Peter Dörmann Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Editors DorotheaBartels PeterDo¨rmann InstituteofMolecularPhysiologyand InstituteofMolecularPhysiologyand BiotechnologyofPlants(IMBIO) BiotechnologyofPlants(IMBIO) UniversityofBonn UniversityofBonn Bonn,Germany Bonn,Germany ISSN1064-3745 ISSN1940-6029 (electronic) MethodsinMolecularBiology ISBN978-1-0716-1361-0 ISBN978-1-0716-1362-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1362-7 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringerNature2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction onmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulations andthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedto betrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. CoverCaption:Massspectrometry(MS)imagingofphosphatidylcholine(PC)fromacotton(Gossypiumhirsutum, variety‘Coker312’)embryo.Fromlefttoright:lightmicroscopyimageofsectionusedinMSimaging(scalebar¼ 1mm),PC34:2(maxmol%¼55),PC36:3(maxmol%¼35),colorimetricscalebarrepresentingmol%fromgreen(low) tored(high). ThisHumanaimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringer Nature. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:1NewYorkPlaza,NewYork,NY10004,U.S.A. Preface Lipidshavediverserolesinplantcellssuchasestablishingthemembranebilayerorservingas energystorageorsignalingmolecules.Acyllipidsarethemostabundantgroupoflipidsand represent a structurally broad family of fatty acid-derived compounds. In addition, plants contain considerable amounts of sterol lipids and sphingolipids which are mainly found in theplasmamembrane,andtheyhavebeenimplicatedindevelopmentalanddefense-related processes.Thecompartmentsoftheplantcellarecharacterizedbytheoccurrenceofspecific lipid classes, and each plant tissue has its specific lipid profile. In accordance with their functions, lipids are present in very different amounts in the cells, ranging from highly abundantstructuralandstoragelipidstominoramountsinthecaseofsignalinglipids.Many lipid classes like membrane glycerolipids and triacylglycerol are characterized by the exis- tenceofnumerousmolecularspecieswithcharacteristicfattyacidpatterns.Theabundance ofthemolecularspeciesofalipidclassrepresentsanimportantconsiderationtodetermine thestrategyfor theiranalysis. Thefocusofthisprotocolseriesisonanalyticalmethodstostudycomplexlipidmixtures from plants and algae. This book has assembled 26 chapters, which all together cover a broad range of state-of-the-art methods and technologies. Isolation of lipids from plants requires special care because these molecules are highly nonpolar, they require organic solventsforextraction,andlipaseactivitiesneedtobeinhibitedtopreventlipiddegradation. Thin-layer chromatography represents a well-established technique for obtaining an over- view of the composition of a crude lipid extract. Many lipids including fatty acids can be derivatized to increase their volatility for analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Lipidomics is an emerging technology which involves the structural identification and quantification of the molecular species of a lipid class in a whole plant organ or in a tissue. Progress in lipidomics has been driven in particular by advances in mass spectrometry (MS). Two alternative strategies are currently employedfor high-throughput lipidanalyses, i.e., directinfusion MS (shotgunlipidomics) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Furthermore, imaging methods based on MALDI-MS techniques have been developed to localize different lipids to the tissue level. Next to MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents a highly important technique for structural analysis of lipids. Different protocols have been developedfor theisolationandcharacterizationoflipidsfromspecifictissuesorsubcellular compartments. Two chapters describe the isolation and quantification of extremely low abundantsignalinglipidsofthephosphoinositidefamily.Whiletheanalysisofinteractionsof lipids with proteins isa highly important research field for systems biology and for putting lipids in a metabolic context, these methods are covered in only two chapters and we refer here to protocols in other publications including this series. Analyses of mutants and genomicsequencesofplantsandalgaehavecontributedtowardelucidatinglipidbiosynthe- sis pathways and cellular lipid interaction networks. Therefore, overviews are presented on lipiddatabases,whichincludelipidstructuralinformationandpathwayanalyses. All chapters have been written by experts in the field, and the methods have been optimized and thoroughly tested in the respective laboratories. The methods have been designed or optimized for lipids from plants or algae. The required chemicals and equip- ment as well as the experimental steps are described in detail, followed by extensive v vi Preface troubleshooting notes. As part of the general workflow, some procedures such as lipid isolation, thin-layer chromatography, or gas chromatography are described in more than one chapter. This allows for comparisons of the methods and demonstrates the possible variationsinthedifferentlaboratories.Themethodologiesrangefromsimpletotechnically demanding approaches. Some of the simple approaches can be used for mass screening strategiesofmutants,ortheycanbeintegratedintoprotocolsforstudentclasses.However, somemethodssuchasMSorNMRanalysesrequirededicated,expensiveequipmentandcan onlybeperformedinspecializedlaboratories. Wetrustthat theprotocolswillbeusefulnot onlyforexperiencedresearchers butthat alsoundergraduate,graduate,orPh.D.studentswillusetheseprotocolsasareliableguide for their experiments. One of our objectives is to encourage scientists with no or little experience in lipid experiments to approach this research field experimentally, as lipid research will be highly important for the understanding of plant metabolism, both on the structuralandsignalinglevel. Wethankallcontributingauthorsforexcellentco-operations.WealsothankProf.John M. Walker, University of Hertfordshire, UK, for guidance in assembling the chapters and Anna Rakovsky from Springer Nature for assistance in getting the chapters ready for publication. Bonn,Nordrhein-Westfalen,Germany DorotheaBartels PeterD¨ormann Contents Preface ..................................................................... v Contributors................................................................. xi PART I BASIC METHODS OF LIPID ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS 1 LipidIsolationfromPlants............................................... 3 JesseD.Bengtsson,JamesG.Wallis,andJohnBrowse 2 ThreeMethodstoExtractMembraneGlycerolipids:ComparingSensitivity toLipaseDegradationandYield.......................................... 15 SamiraMahboub,ZacheryD.Shomo,R.MaxwellRegester,Mahaa Albusharif,andRebeccaL.Roston 3 Thin-LayerChromatography............................................. 29 GeorgH¨olzlandPeterD¨ormann 4 LipidAnalysisbyGasChromatographyandGasChromatography–Mass Spectrometry........................................................... 43 MathiasBrands,PhilippGutbrod,andPeterD¨ormann 5 14C-TracingofLipidMetabolism ......................................... 59 HariKiranKotapatiandPhilipD.Bates 6 MethodsofLipidAnalysesforMicroalgae:Charophytes, Eustigmatophytes,andEuglenophytes..................................... 81 MasakoIwai,ShioriShibata,HiroyukiOhta,andKoichiroAwai PART II MASS SPECTROMETRY AND NMR ANALYSIS 7 DirectInfusionMassSpectrometryforComplexLipidAnalysis............... 101 KatharinaGutbrod,HelgaPeisker,andPeterD¨ormann 8 FattyAcidCompositionbyTotalAcylLipidCollision-InducedDissociation Time-of-Flight(TAL-CID-TOF)MassSpectrometry........................ 117 PamelaTamura,CarlFruehan,DavidK.Johnson,PaulHinkes, ToddD.Williams,andRuthWelti 9 TargetedAnalysisofthePlantLipidomebyUPLC-NanoESI-MS/MS ........ 135 CorneliaHerrfurth,Yi-TseLiu,andIvoFeussner 10 MassSpectrometry-BasedProfilingofPlantSphingolipidsfromTypical andAberrantMetabolism................................................ 157 RebeccaE.Cahoon,AriadnaGonzalezSolis,JenniferE.Markham, andEdgarB.Cahoon 11 AnalysisofFreeandEsterifiedSterolContentandCompositioninSeeds UsingGCandESI-MS/MS.............................................. 179 RichardBroughtonandFre´de´ricBeaudoin vii viii Contents 12 Techniquesfor theMeasurementofMolecularSpeciesofAcyl-CoA inPlantsandMicroalgae................................................. 203 RichardP.HaslamandTonyR.Larson 13 QuantificationofAcyl-AcylCarrierProteinsforFattyAcidSynthesis UsingLC-MS/MS...................................................... 219 Lauren M.Jenkins,Jeong-WonNam,BradleyS.Evans, andDougK.Allen 14 StructuralAnalysisofGlycosylglycerolipidsUsingNMRSpectroscopy ........ 249 WiebkeKnaack,GeorgH¨olzl,andNicolasGisch PART III LIPID ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS FROM PLANT TISSUES CELL COMPARTMENTS AND ORGANELLES 15 AnalysisofExtracellularCellWallLipids:Wax,Cutin,andSuberin inLeaves,Roots,Fruits,andSeeds........................................ 275 JohannaBaales,ViktoriaV.Zeisler-Diehl,andLukasSchreiber 16 IsolationofLipidDropletsforProteinandLipidAnalysis.................... 295 PatrickJ.Horn,KentD.Chapman,andTillIschebeck 17 IsolationofPlastoglobulesforLipidAnalyses .............................. 321 DenisCoulonandClaireBre´he´lin 18 IsolationofMitochondriaforLipidAnalysis ............................... 337 Se´bastienLeterme,MorganeMichaud,andJulietteJouhet 19 CollectionandAnalysisofPhloemLipids.................................. 351 SusanneHoffmann-Benning PART IV LIPID SIGNALING, LIPID-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS, AND IMAGING 20 AnalysesofInositolPhosphatesandPhosphoinositidesbyStrong AnionExchange(SAX)-HPLC ........................................... 365 DebabrataLaha,Marı´liaKamleitner,PhilippJohnen, andGabrielSchaaf 21 AnalysisofPhosphoinositidesfromComplexPlantSamplesbySolid-Phase AdsorptionChromatographyandSubsequentQuantificationviaThin-Layer andGasChromatography................................................ 379 LarissaLaunhardt,MoniqueMatzner,MareikeHeilmann,andIngo Heilmann 22 StudyingLipid–ProteinInteractionsUsingProtein–LipidOverlay andProtein–LiposomeAssociationAssays ................................. 391 GuidoUfer,PeterD¨ormann,andDorotheaBartels 23 InvestigationsofLipidBindingtoAcyl-CoA-BindingProteins(ACBP) UsingIsothermalTitrationCalorimetry(ITC) ............................. 401 Ze-HuaGuoandMee-LenChye 24 InSituLocalizationofPlantLipidMetabolitesbyMatrix-AssistedLaser Desorption/IonizationMassSpectrometryImaging(MALDI-MSI).......... 417 DrewSturtevant,MinaAziz,TrevorB.Romsdahl,ChaseD.Corley, andKentD.Chapman Contents ix PART V LIPID DATABASES 25 PlantLipidDatabases ................................................... 441 PeterD¨ormann 26 LipidPathwayDatabaseswithaFocusonAlgae ............................ 455 NaokiSatoandTakeshiObayashi Index ...................................................................... 469
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