Plant Hormones: Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

844 Pages·1995·75.35 MB·English

PLANTHORMONES
Physiology.BiochemistryandMolecularBiology
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PLANT HORMONES
Physiology, Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology
Editedby
PETERJ. DAVIES
SectionofPlantBiology,
DivisionofBiologicalSciences,
CornellUniversity, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON
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ISBN0-7923-2984-8
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Contents
Preface IX
A. INTRODUCTION
The plant honnones: Their nature, occurrence and functions
PJ. Davies .
2 The plant honnone concept: Concentration, sensitivity and transport
P.J. Davies 13
B. HORMONE SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM
Auxin biosynthesis and metabolism
R.S. Bandurski, 1. D. Cohen, l Slovin and D.M. Reinecke 39
2 Gibberellin biosynthesis and metabolism
V.M. Sponsel 66
3 Cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism
B.A. McGaw and L. R. Burch 98
4 Biosynthesisand metabolism ofethylene
T.A. McKeon, lC. Fernandez-Maculet and S.F. Yang 118
5 Abscisic acid biosynthesis and metabolism
D.C. Walton and Y. Li 140
c.
OTHER HORMONAL COMPOUNDS
Polyamines as endogenous growth regulators
A.W. Galston and R. Kaur-Sawhney 158
2 Jasmonates, salicylic acid and brassinosteroids
a) Jasmonate activity in plants: P.E. Staswick ..... . . . . . . .. 179
b) Salicylic Acid: I. Raskin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
c) Brassinosteroids: R.N. Arteca 206
D. HOW HORMONES WORK
Auxin and cell elongation
R.E. Cleland 214
2 The control ofgene expression by auxin
G. Hagen 228
3 Gibberellin action in germinated cereal grains
J.V. Jacobsen, F. Gubler and P.M. Chandler 246
4 Hormone binding and signal transduction
K.R. Libbenga and A.M. Mennes 272
5 Calcium and plant hormone action
P.C. Bethke, S. Gilroy and R.L. Jones 298
E. MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF HORMONE
SYNTHESIS AND ACTION
1 Genes specifying auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis in prokaryotes
R.O. Morris 318
2 Transgenic plants in hormone biology
H.J. Klee and M.B. Lanahan 340
3 Molecular approaches to the study ofthe mechanism of
action ofauxins
1. Schell, K. Palme and R. Walden 354
4 Ethylene genes and fruit ripening
S. Picton, 1.E. Gray and D. Grierson 372
5 The role ofhormones in gene activation in response to wounding
H. Pefia-Cortes and L. Willmitzer 395
F. HORMONE ANALYSIS
1 Instrumental methods ofplant hormone analysis
R. Horgan 415
2 Immunoassay methods ofplant hormone analysis
J.L. Caruso, V.C. Pence and L.A. Leverone 433
G. THE FUNCTIONING OF HORMONES IN
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
1 Hormone mutants and plant development
1.B. Reid and S.H. Howell 448
2 Ethylene in plant growth, development, and senescence
M.S. Reid 486
3 Auxin transport
T.L. Lomax, G.K.Muday and P.H. Rubery 509
4 The induction ofvascular tissues by auxin andcytokinin
R. Aloni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
5 Hormones and the orientation ofgrowth
P.B. Kaufman, L-L. Wu, T.G. Brock and D. Kim 547
6 Hormonal regulation ofapical dominance
LA. Tamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
VI
7 Honnones as regulators ofwater balance
T.A. Mansfield and M.R. McAinsh 598
8 Honnones and reproductive development
J.D. Metzger 617
9 The role ofhonnones in photosynthate partitioning and seed filling
M.L. Brenner and N. Cheikh 649
10 The role ofhonnones during seed development
C.D. Rock and R.S. Quatrano 671
11 The role ofhonnones in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
tuberization
E.E. Ewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
12 Postharvest honnone changes in vegetables and fruit
P.M. Ludford 725
13 Natural and synthetic growth regulators and their use in
horticultural and agronomic crops
TJ. Gianfagna 751
14 Honnones in tissue culture and micropropagation
A.D. Krikorian 774
INDEX 797
VII
PREFACE
Plant hormones play a crucial role in controlling the way in which plants
growanddevelop. Whilemetabolism providesthepowerand buildingblocks
for plant life, it is the hormones that regulate the speed of growth of the
individual parts and integrate these parts to produce the form that we
recognizeas aplant. In addition, theyplayacontrolling role inthe processes
ofreproduction. This book is a description ofthese natural chemicals: how
theyare synthesizedand metabolized; howtheywork; whatweknow oftheir
molecular biology; how we measure them; and a description ofsome ofthe
roles they play in regulating plant growth and development. Emphasis has
also been placed on the new findings on plant hormones deriving from the
expanding use ofmolecular biology as a tool to understand these fascinating
regulatory molecules. Even at the present time, when the role of genes in
regulating all aspects of growth and development is considered of prime
importance, it is still clear that the path ofdevelopment is nonetheless very
much under hormonal control, either via changes in hormone levels in
response to changes in gene transcription, or with the hormones themselves
as regulators ofgene transcription.
This is not a conference proceedings, but a selected collection ofnewly
written, integrated, illustrated reviews describing our knowledge of plant
hormones, and the experimental work that is the foundation of this
knowledge. This volume forms the second edition of a book originally
published in 1987 under the title Plant Hormones and Their Role in Plant
GrowthandDevelopment. The title has been changed in order to reflect the
changing nature of the field of plant hormones, namely an increased
understandingofhormone biosynthesisandactionderivingfrom theadvances
in molecular biology that have taken place since the first edition was
published. Almost every chapter from the first edition has been extensively
revised and rewritten, and several new chapters have been added to cover
recently emerging areas.
The information in these pages is directed at advanced students and
professionals in the plant sciences: molecular biologists, botanists,
biochemists, or those in the horticultural, agricultural and forestry sciences.
It shouldalsoform an invaluablereference tomolecularbiologistsfrom other
disciplines who have become aware ofthe fact that plants form an exiting
class oforganisms for the study ofdevelopment, and who need information
on the regulators ofdevelopment that are exclusive to plants. It is intended
that the book should serve as a text and guide to the literature for graduate
level courses in the plant hormones, or as a part of courses in plant,
comparative, or molecular aspects of development. Scientists in other
disciplines who wish to know more about the plant hormones and their role
in plants should also find this volume a valuable resource. I hope that
anyonewith areasonablescientificbackground canfmd valuableinformation
in this book expounded in an understandable fashion.
IX
Thesubjectmatterrangesfrom basicbiochemistryandmolecularbiology
to the use ofnatural and synthetic plant growth regulators in agriculture and
horticulture. Recentfindings deriving from the useofthetoolsofmolecular
biology are emphasizedthroughout. As far as possiblechapters are grouped
accordingtotheareaofthetopic: Introduction; Biosynthesis;Modeofaction;
Molecular Aspects; and Roles in Plant Growth and Development, ordered
approximately in a developmental plant life cycle. As, however, many
chapters span two or more areas, their presence in one location rather than
another is largely a matterofeditorial choice. Thus for examplethechapter
on the role ofabscisicacid in seed development and dormancy is located in
the section on development, though from its extensive description of the
molecular mechanismsofABAaction itcould equally well be located in the
molecular aspects section.
Itismostnoticeableasoneprogressesthrough thechaptersthatwhilewe
know a lot, though certainly not everything, about the action of plant
hormones at the molecularand cellular level, our knowledge ofhormones in
the whole plantfunctions ofimportance to agriculture and horticulture, such
in flowering, tuberization and dormancy, is still at a superficial level. Only
when such systems are fully understood can we hope to manipulate plant
growth to human advantage. However, the pace ofacquisitionofknowledge
in this area is increasing and practical applications are on the horizon. One
very notable area ofsuccessover the last few years has been the elucidation
ofknowledge on the molecular aspects ofethylene production in relation to
fruit ripening. This has enabled the modification of ripening, and the
production of genetically engineered tomatoes in which ripening can be
regulated to fit the requirements of the market. At the present time such
tomatoes are rapidly progressing to commercial introduction.
Gone are the days when one person could write a comprehensive book
in an area such as plant hormones. I have thus drawn together a team of
sixty-four experts who have individually or jointly written about their own
area. At my direction they have attempted to tell a story in a way that will
be both informative and interesting. Their styles and approaches vary,
becausethey each haveatale to tell from their own perspective. The choice
oftopics has been my own. Within each topic the coverage and approach
have been decided by the authors. While the opinions expressed by the
authors are their own, they are, in general, also mine, because I knew their
perspective before I invited them tojoin the project.
Where appropriate, the reader will find cross references between
chapters. In addition the extensive, sub-divided index at the end of the
volume should allow this book to be used as a reference to find individual
piecesofinformation. Sometimesthesameinfonnation canbefound inmore
than one location, though usually from a different perspective. Rather than
edit out such duplication, I have chosen to let it remain sothat the complete
story on any topic can be obtained without having to excessively transfer
between chapters.
x