Plant Growth Substances: Principles and Applications

347 Pages·1996·9.021 MB·English

by  Richard N. Arteca (auth.)

PLANT
GROWTH
SUBSTANCES
PLANT
GROWTH
SUBSTANCES
Principles
and Applications
Richard N. Arteca
The Pennsylvania State University
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
New York· Albany. Bonn. Boston. Cincinnati. Detroit. London· Madrid· Melbourne
Mexico City. Pacific Grove· Paris· San Francisco. Singapore· Tokyo· Toronto· Washington
Cover design: Andrea Meyer, emDASH inc.
Copyright © 1996
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1996
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any
form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or
information storage and retrieval systems-without the written permission of the publisher.
I 234567 8 9 10 XXX 01 00 99 97 96 95
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Arteca, Richard N.
Plant growth substances: principles and applications / by Richard N. Arteca.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-44194721-5 ISBN 978-1-4757-2451-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-14757-2451-6
1. Plant growth promoting substances. I. Title.
QK731.A76 1995
581.3 'l-dc20 94-43486
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
To my wife, Jeannette for her dedication to the successful completion of
this book and the countless hours spent preparing figures, editing,
organizing, and whatever else was necessary.
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
CHAPTER ONE
IDSTORICAL ASPECTS AND
FUNDAMENTAL TERMS AND CONCEPTS
General Historical Aspects for Plant Growth Substances 1
Discovery of Plant Growth Substances 3
Auxins 3
Gibberellins 7
Cytokinins 8
Abscisic Acid 9
Ethylene 10
Brassinosteroids 10
Salicylates 12
Jasmonates 12
Fundamental Terms/Concepts 12
Summary of Plant Growth Substances 15
Auxins 15
Gibberellins 16
Cytokinins 17
Abscisic Acid 18
Ethylene 19
Brassinosteroids 19
Salicylates 20
Jasmonates 21
References 22
CHAP'lER 'IWO
METHODOLOGY FOR THE EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, AND
DETERMINATION OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES
Extraction Methods 29
Diffusion Method 29
Solvent Extraction 29
viii Contents
Tissue Preparation 29
Extraction 29
Purification of Extracts 31
Quantification of Plant Growth Substances 32
Bioassays 32
Selected Auxin Bioassays 33
Selected Gibberellin Bioassays 34
Selected Cytokinin Bioassays 34
Selected Abscisic Acid Bioassays 35
Selected Ethylene Bioassays 35
Selected Brassinosteroid Bioassays 35
Physiochemical Assays 36
GC-MS Detection of Plant Growth Substances 36
Quantification of Ethylene 36
HPLC Detection of Plant Growth Substances 37
Immunological Assays 37
Final Identification 42
Conclusions 42
References 43
CHAPTER lliREE
CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS, AND MECHANISM OF
ACTION OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES
Auxins 47
Biosynthesis of Indole-3-Acetic Acid 47
Free versus Bound Auxins 49
Destruction of IAA 50
Synthetic Auxins 51
Physiological Effects of IAA 53
Cellular Elongation 53
Phototropism 53
Geotropism 54
Apical Dominance 54
Root Initiation and Elongation 56
Ethylene Production 57
Fruit Growth 57
Auxin Transport 57
Gibberellins 61
Biosynthesis of Gibberellins 61
Physiological Effects of Gibberellins 63
Contents ix
Effects on Growth of Intact Plants 63
Genetic Dwarfism 64
Bolting and Flowering 64
Mobilization of Storage Compounds, Effects on Seed
Germination, and Dormancy 64
Cytokinins 66
Biosynthesis of Cytokinins 66
Bound versus Free and Degradation of Cytokinins 66
Physiological Effects of Cytokinins 67
Cell Division and Organ Formation 67
Seed Germination, Cell and Organ Enlargement 67
Root Initiation and Growth 67
Bud and Shoot Development 68
Delay of Senescence and Promotion of Translocation of
Nutrients and Organic Substances 68
Abscisic Acid 69
Biosynthesis of Abscisic Acid 69
Inactivation of Abscisic Acid 69
Physiological Effects of ABA 69
Stomatal Closure 69
Defense Against Salt and Temperature Stress 71
Dormancy 71
Abscission, Seed Germination, and Growth 73
Ethylene 73
Biosynthesis of Ethylene 73
Properties of Ethylene and Structure/Activity Relationships 76
Induction of Ethylene by Auxin 76
Stress Ethylene Production 77
Physiological Effects of Ethylene 77
Fruit Ripening 77
Seedling Growth 78
Abscission 79
Flowering 80
Senescence 80
Other Physiological Effects 80
Brassinosteroids 81
Biosynthesis of Brassinosteroids 81
Structure/Activity Relationships 81
Transport and Metabolism of Brassinosteroids 81
Physiological Effects of Brassinosteroids 82
Comparisons with Other Plant Growth Substances in Different
Bioassays 82
x Contents
Promotion of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Epinasty 84
Shoot Elongation 84
Root Growth and Development 84
Plant Tissue Culture 85
Antiecdysteroid Effects in Insects 85
Other Biological Effects 85
Effects of Brassinosteroids on Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 85
Practical Applications of Brassinosteroids 86
Are Brassinosteroids a New Class of Plant Growth Substances? 86
Salicylates 87
Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid 87
Transport and Inactivation of Salicylic Acid 87
Physiological Effects of Salicylic Acid 87
Effects on Flowering 87
Relationship Between Salicylic Acid and Heat Production in
Plants 89
Relationship Between Salicylic Acid and Disease Resistance in
Plants 89
Is Salicylic Acid a New Class of Plant Growth Substances? 89
Jasmonates 91
Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Transport of Jasmonates 91
Physiological Effects of Jasmonates in Plants 91
Jasmonate-Induced Proteins and Regulation of Gene Expression 94
Potential of Jasmonates as a Systemic Signal and in the Stress
Signal Transduction Chain 95
Is Jasmonic Acid a New Class of Plant Growth Substances? 95
References 95
CHAYI'ER 4
SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH
The Germination Process 105
Imbibition of Water 105
Water Uptake 105
Changes in Respiration 107
Formation or Activation of Enzyme Systems 108
Metabolism of Storage Products and Subsequent Transport 108
Carbohydrates 109
Lipids 109
Proteins 109
Phosphorus-Containing Compounds 110
Contents xi
Transport of Digested Storage Compounds and Synthesis of New
Materials 110
Emergence of the Radicle and Seedling Growth 110
Control of Germination and Seedling Growth 113
Specific Plant Growth Substances 113
Gibberellins and Abscisic Acid 113
Cytokinins 114
Ethylene 115
Others 115
Environmental Factors Affecting Seed Germination 116
Water 116
Temperature 116
Aeration 117
Light 117
Priming and Seed Soaking 119
Soaking 119
Osmotic Priming 119
Infusion 119
Fluid Drilling 119
References 120
CHAPTER FIVE
ROOTING
Anatomical Basis for Adventitious Root Formation 127
Stems 127
Leaf Cuttings 128
Root Cuttings 129
Polarity of Root and Shoot Formation 130
Physiological Basis of Adventitious Root Formation in Cuttings 131
Effects of Plant Growth Substances 131
Auxins 131
Cytokinins 133
Gibberellins 133
Abscisic Acid and Growth Retardants 135
Ethylene 135
Brassinosteroids 136
Effects of Buds and Leaves 136
Cofactors and Endogenous Inhibitors 137
Genetic Transformation to Enhance Rooting 137
Factors Affecting Rooting and Growth of Plants from Cuttings 137
xii Contents
Growth of Stock Plants for Cutting Production 137
Treatment of Cuttings 139
Handling of Cuttings 139
Treatment of Cuttings with Auxins 139
Benefits of Auxin Treatments 140
Treatment Techniques 140
Nutrition and Use of Fungicides During the Rooting of Cuttings 142
Environmental Conditions During Rooting 142
References 143
CHAP1ER SIX
DORMANCY
Categories of Seed Dormancy 148
Primary Seed Dormancy 148
Physical Dormancy (Seed-Coat Dormancy) 148
Mechanical Dormancy (Hard-Seed Dormancy) 149
Chemical Dormancy (Inhibitor Dormancy) 149
Morphological Dormancy (Rudimentary Embryo or
Undeveloped Embryo) 149
Physiological Dormancy 150
Physiological Embryo Dormancy 150
Double Dormancy 150
Secondary Seed Dormancy 150
Bud Dormancy 151
Control of Seed and Bud Dormancy 153
Effects of Plant Growth Substances 155
Abscisic Acid 155
Gibberellins 156
Cytokinins 156
Ethylene 156
Others 157
Effects of Environmental Factors 157
Temperature 157
Light 158
References 158
CHAP1ER SEVEN
JUVENILITY, MATURITY, AND SENESCENCE
Juvenility 161
Juvenile Morphology 162