Plant Growth Signaling

378 Pages·2008·3.942 MB·English

by  Peter Doerner (auth.), László Bögre, Gerrit Beemster (eds.)

10
Plant Cell Monographs
SeriesEditor:DavidG.Robinson
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Plant Growth Signaling
Volume Editors: László Bögre, Gerrit Beemster
With1Tableand38Figures,6inColor
123
VolumeEditors:
Dr.LászlóBögre Dr.GerritBeemster
UniversityofLondon FlandersInteruniversity
SchoolofBiologicalSciences InstituteforBiotechnology(VIB)
RoyalHolloway&Bedford Dept.PlantSyst.Biol.
NewCollege Technologiepark927
Egham,SurreyTW200EX 9052Zwijmaarde
UK Belgium
[email protected] [email protected]
SeriesEditor:
ProfessorDr.DavidG.Robinson
Ruprecht-Karls-UniversityofHeidelberg
HeidelbergerInstituteforPlantSciences(HIP)
DepartmentCellBiology
ImNeuenheimerFeld230
D-69120Heidelberg
Germany
ISBN978-3-540-77589-8 e-ISBN978-3-540-77590-4
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-77590-4
PlantCellMonographsISSN1861-1370
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008925127
(cid:1)c 2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg
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Editors
LászlóBögreisafullProfessorinPlantCellandMolecularBiologyattheSchool
ofBiologicalSciences,RoyalHolloway,UniversityofLondon,UnitedKingdom.
HeobtainedhisB.ScdegreeinagriculturalsciencesfromGödöllõUniversity,
HungaryandhisPh.D.inBiologyfromtheBiologicalResearchCentre,Szeged,
Hungary.Hisresearchpioneeredthemitogen-activatedproteinkinasesignaling
pathwaysinplantsandtheregulationofthecellcycle.Hiscurrentresearchisfo-
cusedonstudyinggrowthsignalingnetworksusingthemodelplant,Arabidopsis
thaliana.
GerritT.S.BeemsterisagroupleaderatthedepartmentofPlantSystemsBiol-
ogyattheFlemishInstituteforBiotechnology(VIB)andtheUniversityofGent,
Belgium.HeobtainedhisB.ScdegreeinhorticulturalsciencefromWageningen
University,TheNetherlandsandhisPh.D.inPlantSciencefromtheAustralian
NationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia.Hisresearchpioneeredtheimplemen-
tationofkinematicanalysesfortheanalysisofcelldivisionandcellexpansion
ingrowingorgans,includingprimaryrootsandleavesofArabidopsisthaliana
andseveralspeciesofmonocotyledonousleaves,theuseofprofilingtechniques
tostudygrowthprocessspecificexpression patternsandthedevelopmentof
dynamicgrowthmodelsbasedonexperimentallyobtaineddata.
Preface
Plantgrowthprovidesthebasis forlifeonearthandisaprocessthat isinti-
mately linked withhuman civilizations. Continuous development inagricul-
tural practices and in plant breeding allows us to keep plant production in
linewithdemands.Industrialization, basedonanenormousinputofenergy,
mostlyfossilfuelsderivedfrombiomassproducedinthepast,madeitpossi-
bletoreachourcurrentstandardofliving.However,theuncontrolleduseof
plantsandfossilfuelsisanimportantcontributortoglobalwarmingduetothe
associatedproductionofCO .Furthermore,thereservesofthisenergysource
2
arerapidly being depleted, soalternatives need to befound. Improved plant
productionisseenatleastasapartialsolution,asphotosynthesisenablesthe
“recycling” of CO and fixing of energy. Thus, in recent years, we have seen
2
arapidlyemergingmarketforbio-energyaswellastheproductionofamyriad
ofnaturalproductsfromplants.Thesebio-energyandbio-productproducing
crops,however, compete forthe available agriculturalland used forthe pro-
ductionoffoodandfeed, whichisalreadystartingtoaffectmarketprices of
thesecommodities.Therefore,thereisarenewedpressureonplantscientists
tofindsolutionstoincreaseplantproductivityinasustainableway.
Plant growth is intimately connected to the capacity of source organs to
produce assimilates. Light is a key energy source and environmental cue
controllingdevelopment, predominantly via leaves. Itisknownthat growth-
promotingsignalsareperceivedinmatureleavesandtransmittedviaunknown
signalstodevelopingleavestoregulatetheirgrowth.Thenatureofthistrans-
missiblesignalisnotknown,butassimilates,suchassugarsarethoughttoplay
a key role. Plant hormones also provide long-distance signaling to interface
environmental conditions and organgrowth.At the cellular level extracellu-
lar signals are sensed, transmitted and integrated by intracellular signaling
pathways, which on one hand can directly regulate metabolic enzymes and
othercellularfunctions,whileontheotherhandtheyfeedintotheregulation
ofgenetranscription,proteinstabilityproteinmodificationstoquantitatively
fine-tunecellularcomponentsorbehavior.However,littleisknownaboutthe
intracellular signaling pathways in plants that regulate growthor its various
components. Genetic approaches are difficult when genes function in an in-
terconnected complex network, and regulate processes that are quantitative,
suchasgrowth.Novelmethods,togetherwithsystemsapproaches,areneeded
VIII Preface
for multiplex measurements of the outputs of signaling pathways at various
complexitylevels.
Growth of new organs requires a combination of cell division in or near
meristems,cellgrowth,differentiationandcellexpansion.Bothdevelopmen-
taland environmental inputs influence organ growthby altering the poolof
proliferatingcells.Thesedevelopmentalpathwaysarecomposedofindividual
modulesconsistingofsignal(s),transducers,transcriptionalregulator(s)and
targets. Viewed this way, plant development is a cascade of events that, by
continualexternalandinternalinput,directtheorderlyactivationofthehier-
archicallyarrangedmodules.Howtheseprocessesarelinkedandcoordinated
isnotunderstood.
Togainasystems-wideunderstandingofanydevelopmentalorphysiolog-
icalprocess, an increasing number of methodologiestoobtain “omics” data
atvariouslevelsandofcomputationalandnetwork-modelingtechniquesare
available. However, a key, sometimes overlooked issue is the precise experi-
mental approachand isthe exact sourceofthe “omics” data. To understand
asystem,oneshouldbeabletoproduce,asfaraspossible,alistofitsparts,to
introduceperturbationsinthesystemandtomonitorthebehavioroftheparts
following the perturbation. A further source of critical information is time-
resolveddata,becauseitcanbeassumedthatchangesinconcentration/activity
oftheregulatorwillinevitablyprecedethechangesintheregulatedcomponent.
Firstandforemost,thesequencing ofthegenome ofArabidopsisthaliana
has launched plant science into the genomics era and provided a gathering
platformforplant scientists. This isnow rapidly followedbythe sequencing
of other plant genomes with agricultural importance, including rice, poplar,
grapevine, tomato and maize. The impact of having the full list of coding
and regulatory sequences for understanding the behavior of plant growthis
enormous, as investigators can shift their attention from gene-identification
tofunctionalanalysisofthesegenesatthemolecular,cellularandwholeplant
levels.Genomicsequenceavailabilityalsoallowedthedevelopmentofprofiling
technologiestomonitorgeneexpression,proteinabundance,localizationand
modifications on a genome-wide scale under a wide range of experimental
conditionsandinspecificcellsortissues.Ourabilitytosimultaneouslystudy
the function of virtually all genes encoded by the plant genome, has led to
anewmoreholisticapproachtobiologynamedsystemsbiology.Ratherthan
focusingonthefunctionofafewgenesinaparticularpathway,theemphasis
insystemsbiologyistounderstandwhicharethekeycomponentsregulating
specific processes and how such components are connected in “regulatory
networks”.
As outlined above, plant growthis a particularly intriguing phenomenon
asitisunderthecontrolofamultitudeofinteractingregulatorypathways.In
thismonographseveralofthecontributingpathwaysarereviewed,including
lightsignaling(López-JuezandF.Devlin,Chapter11),theclassicalhormones
auxin (Zago et al., Chapter 8), ethylene (Dugardeyn and Van Der Straeten,
Preface IX
Chapter 10), and brassinosteroids (Clouse, Chapter 9), and signaling path-
ways including the TOR pathway (Anderson, Chapter 12), Armadillo repeat
proteins(Coates,Chapter 15)andtheMAPKcascades(SuzukiandMachida,
Chapter 13), and protein dephosphorylation mechanisms (Schweigenhofer
andMeskiene, Chapter 14).Devoto andPaccanaro(Chapter 17)describethe
use of profiling and modeling to analyze signaling pathways on a genome-
wide level. Downstream of those signaling pathways,, several key aspects of
growthregulationitself arediscussed, starting fromtheunicellular perspec-
tiveofalgae(Biˇsová,Chapter18)totheregulationofcellgrowth,celldivision
(Doerner,Chapter1),theswitchbetweendivisionanddifferentiation(Magyar,
Chapter5),theendoreduplicationprocesses(Yoshizumietal.,Chapter6)and
interactions between cell size and cell numbers (Ferjani et al., Chapter 3) in
higherplants.Atthewholeorganleveltheroleoftheepidermallayeringrowth
controlisreviewed(Ingram,Chapter7)andoverallorgansizecontrolmech-
anisms are explored (Anatasiou and Lenhard, Chapter 2). Finally, emerging
experimental approachesasproteomics(Schulze,Chapter16)andkinematic
analysisofgrowth(Walter,Chapter4)aredescribed.
Wethinkitistimelytobringtogetherthisoverviewofthedevelopmentsin
various areas of plant-growthresearch in this monograph,firstly to give the
readeracomprehensiveinsightintothecurrentstateofknowledgeinthefield.
Readingthrough,itispossibletoseecommonthemesemergingfromdifferent
fields of research and therefore we hope that this book will also stimulate
anintegratingperspectiveforfutureresearchaimedtobetterunderstandthe
fascinatingprocessthatplantgrowthrepresents.
March2008 LászlóBögreand
GerritT.S.Beemster
Contents
SignalsandMechanismsintheControlofPlantGrowth
P.Doerner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ControlofPlantOrganSize
E.Anastasiou·M.Lenhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ControlofLeafMorphogenesisbyLong-andShort-DistanceSignaling:
DifferentiationofLeavesIntoSun
orShadeTypesandCompensatedCellEnlargement
A.Ferjani·S.Yano·G.Horiguchi·H.Tsukaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
PlantGrowthDynamics:
AnalysisofBasicSpatialandTemporalGrowthPatterns
ontheBackgroundofPhotosyntheticEnergyGain
andInteractionswiththeEnvironment
A.Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
KeepingtheBalanceBetweenProliferation
andDifferentiationbytheE2FTranscriptionalRegulatoryNetwork
isCentraltoPlantGrowthandDevelopment
Z.Magyar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
PlantCellGrowthSignallingandItsLinktoPloidy
T.Yoshizumi·C.Breuer·M.Matsui·K.Sugimoto-Shirasu . . . . . . . 107
EpidermalSignallingandtheControlofPlantShootGrowth
G.C.Ingram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
SignalinginAuxin-DependentPlantDevelopment
M.K.Zago·C.S.Galvan-Ampudia·R.Offringa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
BrassinosteroidSignaling
S.D.Clouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
XII Contents
Ethylene:InhibitorandStimulatorofPlantGrowth
J.Dugardeyn·D.VanDerStraeten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
LightandtheControlofPlantGrowth
E.López-Juez·P.F.Devlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
TORSignalinginPlants
G.H.Anderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
MAPKinaseCascadesControllingCellDivision,
PlantGrowthandDevelopment
T.Suzuki·Y.Machida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
ProteinPhosphatasesinPlantGrowthSignallingPathways
A.Schweighofer·I.Meskiene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
ArmadilloRepeatProteins:VersatileRegulators
ofPlantDevelopmentandSignalling
J.C.Coates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
MassSpectrometryBasedProteomicsasaTool
fortheAnalysisofProtein–ProteinInteractionsinSignalingProcesses
W.X.Schulze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
SignalTransductionNetworksDuringStressResponses
inArabidopsis:High-ThroughputAnalysisandModelling
A.Devoto·A.Paccanaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
CellGrowthControlinanAlgalModel
K.Biˇsová . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375