Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas PDF
Preview Plant Drug Analysis: A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas
H. Wagner S. Bladt E.M. Zgainski Plant Drug Analysis A Thin Layer Chromatography Atlas Translated by Th.A. Scott With 170 Colored Photographs Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1984 Professor Dr. Hildebert Wagner Dr. Sabine Bladt Eva Maria Zgainski (Fachphotographin) Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universität München, Karlstraße 29, D-8000 München 2 Translator: Dr. Thomas A. Scott Department of Biochemistry University of Leeds GB-Leeds LS2 9JT Translation of the German edition' Drogenanalyse ' © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heide1berg 1983 ISBN 978-3-662-02400-3 ISBN 978-3-662-02398-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-02398-3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Wagner, H. (Hildebert), 1929- Plant drug analysis. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Materia medica, Vegetable-Analysis. 2. Drugs-Analysis. 3. Thin layer chromatography. I. Bladt, S. (Sabine), 1945- . H. Zgainski, E.M. (Eva Maria), 1928- . III. Title. RS190.P55W3313 1984 615'.32 84-5348 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broad casting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1984 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1984. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore for general use. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information ab out drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. Reproduction of the figures : Gebrüder Czech, D-8000 München 2131/3130-543210 Preface Thin layer chromatography is the most widely used of all the simple chromatographie methods for the analysis of mixtures. On account of its extreme rapidity and ease of visual evaluation, thin layer chromatography has become the most ideal analytical method for plant drugs and for preparations that contain drug extracts or pure drug constituents. One disadvantage of the technique was the lack of a satisfactory method for the permanent recording of results. Analyses were recorded simply by verbal descrip tion of the chromatogram (e.g., in the pharmacopoeias), by schematic drawings, or by idealized colored diagrams. All these methods are c1early makeshift solutions to the problem of documentation. In order to make the documentation as realistic as possible, we have therefore attempted to make faithful photographic reproduc tions of thin layer chromatographie separations of drugs in visible and UV-light. The chief difficulty that we encountered in the preparation of this TLC atlas was knowing how to take into account the natural qualitative and quantitative variations that occur in the composition of individual drugs. We believe we have solved this problem by selecting, from more than 10 years of photo graphie recording, those pictures that are the most representative and are photographically the best reproduc tions of chromatograms of standard drugs. In choosing solvent systems, we have relied primarilyon the pharmacopoeias, but we have also made proposals for im provements and for future standardization. In view of the extent of the present-day world drug market, analyses of many commercial, non-official drugs have also been documented. Emphasis was placed primarily on commercial European drugs. We hope that this chromatographie drug atlas will help those who are learning the technique, and serve as an aid for the evaluation of thin layer chromatograms. Furthermore, we believe that this thin layer chromatographie drug atlas represents an aid to the standardization of industrial plant drug preparations. It will enable the systematization of the identification and purity control of plant drugs. The authors are especially grateful to Mrs. J. DUFOSSE of Agfa photographie services, Munieh, for the painstaking and faithful reproduction of the color pictures. We thank Miss MAHN and Miss SCHUCKER for technical assistance, and Mrs. ANDRAE for drawing the formulae. Thanks are due to Springer-Verlag, and especially to Mrs. DEIGMÖLLER, for their helpful co operation to our wishes with regard to the reproduction of the chromatograms and the overall layout of the book. HILDEBER T WAGNER SABINE BLADT EVA MARIA ZGAINSKI Contents Introduction Essential Oil Drugs (Aetherolea) 5 Extraction and TLC . . . . . . . . 5 List of Essential Oil Drugs . . . . . 9 Formulae of Constituents of Essential Oils 19 Reference Compounds · Figs. 1, 2 22 Cinnamoni cortex Calami rhizoma · Figs. 3, 4 24 Anisi fructus F oeniculi fructus Sassafras lignum Basilici herba ............. Figs. 5, 6 26 Petroselini fructus Myristicae semen Macis Caryophylli flos ............. Figs. 7, 8 28 Carvi fructus Coriandri fructus Juniperi fructus Rosmarini folium · Figs. 9,10 30 Matricariae flos Anthemidis flos . Figs. 11, 12 32 Lavandulae flos Cinae flos ... · Figs. 13, 14 34 Menthae piperitae folium Menthae crispae folium . Figs. 15, 16 36 Salviae officinalis folium Salviae trilobae folium Eucalypti folium . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 17, 18 38 Thymi herba Serpylli herba Ajowani fructus Melissae folium . Figs. 19,20 40 Curcumae rhizoma · Figs. 21, 22 42 VII Ci tri pericarpium Aurantii pericarpium . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 23, 24 44 Terebinthinae aeth. Pini aetherolea Myrrha . . . .. ........... Figs. 25, 26 46 Benzoin Balsamum tolutanum Balsamum peruvianum .......... Figs. 27, 28 48 Alkaloid Drugs 51 Extraction and TLC 51 List of Alkaloid Drugs 55 Formulae of Constituents of Alkaloid Drugs 61 Reference Compounds · Figs 1, 2 66 Y ohimbe cortex Quebracho cortex · Figs. 3, 4 68 Rauwolfiae radix · Figs. 5, 6 70 Strychni semen Ignatii semen . Fig. 7 72 Secale cornutum . Fig. 8 72 Chinae cortex · Figs. 9, 10 74 Ipecacuanhae radix .Figs. 11, 12 76 Opium · Figs. 13, 14 78 Berberidis radix Colombo radix Hydrastis rhizoma . Figs. 15, 16 80 Chelidonii herba · Fig. 17 82 Colchici ·semen · Fig. 18 82 Aconiti tuber (herba) Sabadillae semen Lobeliae herba Jaborandi folium Boldo folium · Figs. 19, 20 84 Cacao semen Coffeae semen · Fig. 21 86 Nicotianae folium Ephedrae herba Spartii herba .. ............ Fig. 22 . . . . . . . . . . 86 Belladonnae folium Hyoscyami folium Stramonii folium . . . . . . . Figs. 23, 24 88 Belladonnae folium/semen/radix Hyoscyami mutici/nigri folium Stramonii folium/semen Scopoliae radix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 25, 26 90 VIII Drugs Containing Anthracene Derivatives 93 Extraction and TLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 List of Drugs Containing Anthracene Glycosides 97 Formulae of Anthracene Derivatives Identified as Drug Constituents 100 Aloe resina . Figs. 1,2 102 Rhamni purshiani cortex . Fig. 3 104 TLC-Synopsis . Fig. 4 104 Frangulae cortex Oreoherzogiae cortex Frangulae fructus Rhamni cathartici fructus · Figs. 5, 6 " 106 Rhei radix .. · Figs. 7, 8 . 108 Sennae folium Sennae fructus Hyperici herba . Figs. 9,10 110 Circular TLC Sennae foliumjfructus . Figs. 11, 12 112 Rhei radix ..... · Figs. 13, 14 114 Arbutin Drugs 117 Extraction and TLC 117 List of Drugs Containing Arbutin 119 Formulae ...... . 119 Uvae ursi folium Vitis ideae folium Myrtilli folium . · Figs. 1,2 120 Viburni prunifolii cortex Viburni opuli cortex · Figs. 3,4 122 Bitter Principle Drugs 125 Extraction and TLC . . . 125 List of Bitter Principle Drugs 127 Formulae of Constituents of Bitter Principle Drugs 130 Aurantii pericarpium Harpagophythi radix Gentianae radix Centaurii herba Condurango cortex Menyanthidis folium ........... Figs. 1,2 . . . . . . . . . 132 Cnici herba Marrubii herba Absinthii herba Quassiae lignum .. . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . 134 IX Gentianae radix Plantaginis herba Oleae folium/fructus · Figs. 5, 6 136 Bryoniae radix Cucurbitae semen · Figs. 7, 8 138 Humuli strobuli · Figs. 9, 10 140 Salviae folium Rosmarini folium · Fig. 11 142 Cynarae herba . · Fig. 12 142 Coumarin Drugs 145 Extraction and TLC 145 List of Coumarin Drugs 147 Formulae of Constituents of Coumarin Drugs 150 Reference compounds . Fig. 1 152 Pimpinellae radix Heraclei radix . Fig. 2 152 Angelicae radix Levistici radix Imperatoriae radix Scopoliae radix. ............ Figs. 3, 4 . . . . . . . . . 154 Herniariae herba Meliloti herba Asperulae herba Abrotani herba Rutae herba. ............. Figs. 5, 6 . . . . . . . . . 156 Mezerei cortex Fraxini cortex Asa foetida · Figs. 7, 8 158 Ammi majoris fructus Ammi visnagae fructus · Figs. 9, 10 160 Flavonoid Drugs 163 Extraction and TLC 163 List of Flavonoid Drugs 165 Formulae of Constituents of Flavonoid Drugs 170 Reference Compounds . Figs. 1,2 172 TLC Synopsis (flos) . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 3, 4 174 Arnicae flos Calendulae flos Cacti flos Farfarae flos Primulae flos Herniariae herba ........ Figs. 5, 6 ......... 176 Crataegi flos/folium/fructus Sambuci flos Stoechados flos Verbasci flos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 7, 8 . . . . . . . . . 178 x Acaciae flos Pruni spinosae flos Spireaae flos Robiniae flos Sambuci flos Tiliae flos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figs. 9, 10 ........ 180 Betulae folium Juglandis folium Anthemidis flos · Figs. 11, 12 182 Matricariae flos . Fig. 13 184 TLC Synopsis (Herba) · Fig. 14 184 Anserinae herba Equiseti herba Leonuri herba Rutae herba Sarothamni herba Sophorae gemma Veronicae herba Violae tricoloris herba . Figs. 15, 16 186 Citri pericarpium Aurantii pericarpium · Fig. 17 188 Eriodictyonis herba Orthosiphonis folium · Fig. 18 188 Cardui mariae (Silybi) fructus · Figs. 19,20 190 Farfarae folium Petasites folium · Figs. 21, 22 192 Cardiac Glycoside Drugs 195 Extraction and TLC . . . . 195 List of Cardiac Glycoside Drugs 198 Formulae of Constituents of Cardiac Glycoside Drugs 200 Figs. 1,2 204 Reference compounds . . · Figs. 3, 4 206 Digitalis lanatae folium Digitalis purpureae folium · Figs. 5-8 208 Nerii (oleandri) folium · Figs. 9, 10 212 TLC Comparison Strophanthi semen Adonidis herba Convallariae herba · Figs. 11, 12 214 Strophanthi grati semen Strophanthi kombe semen · Figs. 13, 14 216 Adonidis herba Convallariae herb'it · Figs. 15, 16 218 XI
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