Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise. How Disease Develops in Populations

442 Pages·1978·8.916 MB·English

by  James G. Horsfall (Eds.)

Advisory Board
SHIGEYASU AKAI ARTHUR KELMAN
DURWARD F. BATEMAN ZOLTAN KIRALY
R. J. W. BYRDE S. H. OU
I. A. M. CRUICKSHANK S. P. RAYCHAUDHURI
FRIEDRICH GROSSMANN J. G. ten HOUTEN
Plant Diseas e
A N A D V A N C E D T R E A T I S E
V O L U M E I I
H o w Diseas e Develop s i n Population s
Edited by
J A M E S G . H O R S F A L L
The Connecticu t Agricultura l
Experiment Statio n
New Haven , Connecticu t
E L L I S B . C O W L I N G
Departmento f Plan t Patholog y
and Schoo l o f Fores t Resource s
North Carolin a Stat e Universit y
Raleigh, Nort h Carolin a
ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1978
A Subsidiar y o f Harcour t Brac e Jovanovich , Publisher s
COPYRIGHT © 1978 , BY ACADEMIC PRESS , INC.
ALLR IGHTSR ESERVED .
NOP ARTO F THISP UBLICATIO NM A Y BER EPRODUCEDO R
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ORM ECHANICAL ,I NCLUDIN GP HOTOCOPY ,R ECORDING ,O RA N Y
INFORMATIONS TORAG EA N DR ETRIEVAL SYSTEM ,W ITHOU T
PERMISSIONI NW RITING FRO M TH E PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS , INC .
Ill Fift h Avenue, New York, New York1 0003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS , INC . (LONDON ) LTD .
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7D X
Library o f Congress Catalogingi n Publication Dat a
Maine ntryu nde r title :
Plant disease.
Includes bibliographiesa n d index .
CONTENTS:v .1 .H o w diseasei s managed.—v. 2 .H o w
disease develop si n populations .
1.P lan t diseases.I . Horsfall , Jame s Gordon ,
Date II . Cowling , EllisB revier, Dat e
SB731.P64 63 2 76-4297 3
ISBN 0-12-356401- 8 ( v . 2 )
PRINTEDI N THE UNITED STATE S O FA MERICA
To th e theoretician so f ou r science —
especially t o tha t pioneerin g theoreticia n
whose boo k Pflanzliche Infectionslehre
for th ef irs t tim e treate d
Plant Patholog y a s a sophisticate d science ,
ERNST GAUMAN N
who signe d hi s treasure d letter s
Listo f Contributors 1
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
DONALD E . AYLO R (159) , Th e Connecticu t Agricultura l Experimen t Station , Ne w
Haven, Connecticu t 0650 4
RALPH BAKE R (137) , Departmen t o f Botan y an d Plan t Pathology , Colorad o Stat e
University, For t Collins , Colorad o 8052 1
ELLIS B . COWLIN G (1 , 17 , 119 , 361) , Departmen t o f Plan t Patholog y an d Schoo l
of Fores t Resources , Nort h Carolin a Stat e University , Raleigh , Nort h Carolin a
27607
P. R . DA Y (263) , Genetic s Departmen t o f Th e Connecticu t Agricultura l Experimen t
Station, Ne w Haven , Connecticu t 0650 4
JAMES G . HORSFAL L (1 , 17 , 119) , Th e Connecticu t Agricultura l Experimen t Sta -
tion, Ne w Haven , Connecticu t 0650 4
J. KRAN Z (33) , Tropish e Phytopathologie , Justu s Liebig-Universitat , 630 0 Giessen ,
Federal Republi c o f German y
RUSSELL C . McGREGO R (383) , Nationa l Associatio n o f Stat e Universitie s an d
Land-Grant Colleges , Washington , D.C . 2003 6
S. P. PENNYPACKE R (97) , Departmen t o f Plan t Pathology , Pennsylvani a Stat e
University, Universit y Park , Pennsylvani a 1680 2
C. POPULE R (239) , Statio n d e Phytopathologie , Centr e d e Recherche s Agrono -
miques d e l'Etat , Gembloux , Belgiu m
JOSEPH ROTE M (317) , Divisio n o f Plan t Pathology , Agricultura l Researc h Organi -
zation, Th e Volcan i Center , Be t Dagan , Israe l an d Departmen t o f Lif e Sciences ,
Bar-Ilan University , Rama t Gan , Israe l
ROBERT A . SCHMID T (287) , Schoo lo f Fores t Resource s an d Conservation , Insti -
tute o f Foo d an d Agricultura l Sciences , Universit yo f Florida , Gainesville , Flor -
ida 3261 1
ROBERT D . SHRU M (223) , Departmen t o f Plan t Pathology , Universit yo f Minne -
sota, St . Paul , Minnesot a 5510 8
1 W e regre t tha t a n erro r wa s mad e i n th e addres s o f Dr . Hors t Lyr , autho r o f
Chapter 1 3 i n Volum e I . Th e correc t addres s is : Hors t Lyr , Institut e fo r Plan t Pro -
tection Research , Kleinmachnow , Academ y o f Agricultura l Science s o f th e Germa n
Democratic Republic , Germa n Democrati c Republic .
xiii
xiv LTST O F CONTRIBUTOR S
PAUL E . WAGGONE R (203) , Th e Connecticu t Agricultura l Experimen t Station ,
New Haven , Connecticu t 0650 4
H.R . WALLAC E (181) , Wait e Agricultura l Researc h Institute , Universit y o f Ade -
laide, Sout h Australi a
HEINRICH C . WELTZIE N (339) , Institu t fu r Pflanzenkrankheite n de r Universitat ,
D 5 3 Bonn , Federa l Republi co f German y
J. C . ZADOK S (63) , Departmen to f Phytopathology , Agricultura l University , Wagen -
ingen, Th e Netherland s
Preface
He tha t publishe s a boo k run s a ver y grea t hazard , sinc e nothin g ca n b e mor e
impossible tha n t o compos e on e tha t ma y secur e th e approbatio n o f ever y reader .
Cervantes
We worry about things like that. Will plant pathologists like our de
sign? Will they like the chapters? Will they read the book? We can only
hope they will.
To manage disease, as shown in Volume I, is to prevent it from en
veloping a whole population of plants in a farmer's field, a county, a
country, or a continent. To study disease in populations is epidemiology
—that is the subject of Volume II.
During the last decade, botanical epidemiology has leaped across the
space from primitive description to sophisticated quantitation (from state
to process). Computers with their giant memories and enormous speed
of data manipulation enable us at long last to deal with the rapid se
quence of events as one biological process follows another under the
variable drive of the fickle and ever-changing weather.
Now we are much better prepared to perform statistical tests, to find
holes in our knowledge, to forecast disease for use by farmers, and to
reduce the principles to abstraction for teaching and further research.
Volume II tells us all about this new science of epidemiology—from
aerodynamics to understanding how the cycle of disease looks like a
helix as it moves through time (see Bateman, Volume III).
Sixteen authors from all over the world have come together to pro
duce the volume. We have asked them to go beyond a comfortable ex
position of where we have been in plant pathology to tell us where we
are going. We have asked them to show us where the prospecting for new
knowledge will be most productive and how our profession can grow in
usefulness to the society that pays its bills.
Sterling Hendricks was percipient indeed when he said, "The oppor
tunity to inquire into the nature of things is a privilege granted to a few
by a permissive society." We have used that privilege in designing this
treatise to inquire into the basics of our science and into the useful arts
xv
xvi PREFACE
of crop protection. We hope this treatise will stretch the minds of its
readers by being comprehensive and timely, provocative and forward
looking, practical and theoretical in outlook, and well-balanced in its
coverage. We hope you will find it so.
James G. Horsfall
Ellis B. Cowling
Contentso f Other Volumes
VOLUME I—HO W DISEAS E I S MANAGE D
1. Prologue : Ho w Diseas e i s Manage d
2. Th e Sociolog y o f Plan t Patholog y
3. Ho w Diseas e i s Diagnose d
4. Cro p Destruction—Th e Raiso nD 'fCtr eo f Plan t Patholog y
5. Th e Theor y o f Diseas e Managemen t
6. Societa l Constraint s o n Managemen t
7. Managemen to f th e Environmen t
8. Managemen t o f th e Associate d Microbiot a
9. Managin g Weed s wit h Pathogen s
10. Therap y b y Heat , Radiation , an d Meriste m Cultur e
11. Managin g Hos t Genes : Epidemiologi c an d Geneti c Concept s
12. Managemen t wit h Chemical s
13. Mechanis mo f Actio n o f Fungicide s
14. Actio no f Nematicide s
15. Actio n o f Antivira l Agent s
16. Chemotherap y
17. Pathogen s Becom e Resistan t t o Chemical s
18. Managemen t o f Beneficia l Plan t Disease s
19. Societ y Supporte d Diseas e Managemen t Activitie s
20. Privatel y Supporte d Diseas e Managemen t Activitie s
21. Educatio n fo r th e Practitione r
VOLUME III—HO W PLANT S SUFFE R FRO M DISEAS E
1. Prologue : Ho w Plant s Suffe r fro m Diseas e
2. Ho w Health y Plant s Gro w
3. Th e Dynami c Natur eo f Diseas e
4. Th e Captur e an d Us e o f Energ y b y Disease d Plant s
5. Dysfunctio n i n the Flo w o f Foo d
6. Dysfunctio n o f th e Wate r Syste m
7. Disturbe d Minera l Nutritio n
8. Alteratio no f Growt h b y Diseas e
9. Crow nG all— A Uniqu e Diseas e
10. Plan t Teratomas-Who' si n Contro l o f Them ?
11. Dysfunctio n an d Shortfall si n Symbioti c Response s
12. Disrupte d Reproductio n
13. Tissu e I s Disintegrate d
xvii
xviii CONTENTS O F OTHE R VOLUME S
14. Th e Engineerin g Mechanic s o f Pathogenesi s
15. Diseas e Alteration s i n Permeabilit y an d Membrane s
16. Change s i n Intermediar y Metabolis m Cause d b y Diseas e
17. Transcriptio n an d Translatio n i n Disease d Plant s
18. Senescenc e an d Plan t Diseas e
19. Relatio n betwee n Biologica l Rhythm s an d Diseas e