Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological Perspectives: Volume 1

511 Pages·2010·4.82 MB·English

by  E. R. Alvarez-Buylla

Plant Developmental Biology - Biotechnological
Perspectives: Volume 1
‐
Eng Chong Pua Michael R. Davey
l
Editors
Plant Developmental
Biology - Biotechnological
Perspectives
Volume 1
Editors
Prof.Dr.Eng-ChongPua Dr.MichaelR.Davey
NewEraCollege PlantandCropSciencesDivision
JalanBukit SchoolofBiosciences
43000Kajang UniversityofNottingham
Selangor SuttonBoningtonCampus
Malaysia LoughboroughLE125RD
[email protected] UK
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-02300-2 e-ISBN978-3-642-02301-9
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-02301-9
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
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#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010
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Preface
Many exciting discoveries in recent decades have contributed new knowledge to
our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate various stages of plant growth
and development. Such information, coupled with advances incelland molecular
biology,isfundamentaltocropimprovementusingbiotechnologicalapproaches.
Two volumes constitute the present work. The first, comprising 22 chapters,
commences withintroductions relating togeneregulatorymodels forplant devel-
opmentandcropimprovement,particularlytheuseofArabidopsisasamodelplant.
Thesechaptersarefollowedbyspecifictopicsthatfocusondifferentdevelopmental
aspects associated with vegetative and reproductive phases of the life cycle of a
plant. Six chapters discuss vegetative growth and development. Their contents
consider topics such as shoot branching, bud dormancy and growth, the develop-
ment of roots, nodules and tubers, and senescence. The reproductive phase of
plant development is in 14 chapters that present topics such as floral organ initia-
tionandtheregulationofflowering,thedevelopmentofmaleandfemalegametes,
pollen germinationand tube growth,fertilization,fruit development andripening,
seed development, dormancy, germination, and apomixis. Male sterility and
self-incompatibility are also discussed.
Volume 2 has 20 chapters, three of which review recent advances in somatic
embryogenesis, microspore embryogenesis and somaclonal variation. Seven of the
chapterstargetplantprocessesandtheirregulation,includingphotosynthatepartition-
ing,seedmaturationandseedstorageproteinbiosynthesis,theproductionandregula-
tion of fatty acids, vitamins, alkaloids and flower pigments, and flower scent. This
second book also contains four chapters on hormonal and environmental signaling
(aminocompounds-containinglipids,auxin,cytokinin,andlight)intheregulationof
plantdevelopment;othertopicsencompassthemoleculargeneticsofdevelopmental
regulation,includingRNAsilencing,DNAmethylation,epigenetics,activationtag-
ging,homologousrecombination,andtheengineeringofsyntheticpromoters.
Thesebookswillserveaskeyreferencesforadvancedstudentsandresearchers
involved in a range of plant-orientated disciplines, including genetics, cell and
molecularbiology,functionalgenomics,andbiotechnology.
August2009 E.C.PuaandM.R.Davey
v
Contents
PartI ModelsforPlantDevelopment
1 GeneRegulatoryModelsforPlantDevelopmentandEvolution ......... 3
1.1 Introduction:theNeedforMathematicalModelstoUnderstand
PlantDevelopment ....................................................... 3
1.2 DynamicGRNModels ................................................... 4
1.3 Inference of GRN Topology from Microarray Experiments .......... 7
1.3.1 BayesianNetworks ................................................ 8
1.3.2 MutualInformation ................................................ 8
1.3.3 ContinuousAnalysisModels ...................................... 8
1.4 GRNModelsforModulesofPlantDevelopment ....................... 9
1.4.1 Single-CellGeneRegulatoryNetworkModels:theCase
ofArabidopsisFlowerOrganPrimordialCellSpecification .... 10
1.4.2 SpatiotemporalModelsofCoupledGRNDynamics ............ 10
1.4.3 AuxinTransportIsSufficienttoGenerateMorphogenetic
ShootandRootPatterns .......................................... 12
1.4.4 SignalTransductionModels ...................................... 14
1.5 TheConstructiveRoleofStochasticityinGRNandOther
ComplexBiologicalSystems ............................................ 14
1.6 GRNStructureandEvolution ........................................... 15
1.7 Conclusions .............................................................. 17
References .................................................................... 17
2 ArabidopsisasModelforDevelopmentalRegulationandCrop
Improvement ................................................................ 21
2.1 Introduction .............................................................. 21
2.2 KnowledgeGainedinArabidopsisIsAvailable
forCropScientists ....................................................... 22
2.3 PlantArchitecture-RelatedGenesandTheirPotentialUses
inCropImprovement .................................................... 22
2.3.1 GenesRegulatingtheFunctionofShootApicalMeristem ...... 22
vii
viii Contents
2.3.2 LateralOrganFormationandBranching ......................... 23
2.3.3 RegulationofStemElongation ................................... 24
2.3.4 RegulationofLeafDevelopment ................................ 26
2.3.5 RegulationofInflorescenceShape ............................... 26
2.4 UnderstandingAbioticStressestoImproveTolerance
toAbioticStresses ....................................................... 27
2.4.1 StressResponses .................................................. 27
2.4.2 DREBGenesandTheirUsesinCopingwithDrought .......... 27
2.4.3 SOSGenesandSaltTolerance ................................... 28
2.5 ProspectiveRemarks .................................................... 28
References .................................................................... 29
PartII VegetativeGrowthandDevelopment
3 AxillaryShootBranchinginPlants ........................................ 37
3.1 Introduction .............................................................. 37
3.2 AxillaryShootDevelopment ............................................ 38
3.2.1 BudInitiation ..................................................... 39
3.2.2 GenesControlAxillaryShootBranching ........................ 40
3.3 HormonesInvolvedinAxillaryBudFormation ........................ 43
3.3.1 Auxin,CytokininandNovelHormone ........................... 43
3.3.2 AxillaryBudOutgrowthHypotheses ............................ 44
3.3.3 AbscisicAcidandBranching .................................... 45
3.4 RegulatoryPathwaysInvolvedinShootBranching .................... 46
3.4.1 Carotenoid-DerivedSignallingMolecules ....................... 46
3.4.2 Polyamines ........................................................ 47
3.4.3 InositolPhosphates ............................................... 48
3.5 FuturePerspectives ...................................................... 49
References .................................................................... 49
4 BudDormancyandGrowth ................................................ 53
4.1 Introduction .............................................................. 53
4.2 RegulationofParadormancy ............................................ 54
4.2.1 HormonalControlofParadormancy ............................. 54
4.2.2 TheRMS/MAX/DADSystemRegulatesBud
Dormancy ......................................................... 55
4.2.3 OtherFactorsRegulatingBudOutgrowth ....................... 57
4.3 RegulationofEndodormancy ........................................... 57
4.3.1 HormonesinEndodormancyInduction .......................... 57
4.3.2 Metabolism,Transport,andCell-CellCommunication
AreAlteredDuringEndodormancy .............................. 59
4.3.3 RegulationofEndodormancybyEnvironmental
andPhysiologicalSignals ........................................ 60
4.3.4 EndodormancyRelease ........................................... 62
4.4 Ecodormancy ............................................................ 64
Contents ix
4.5 RegulationofCellDivisionandDevelopmentIsImportant
forAllFormsofDormancy ............................................. 64
4.6 FuturePerspectives ...................................................... 66
References .................................................................... 66
5 RootDevelopment ........................................................... 71
5.1 Introduction .............................................................. 71
5.2 PlantRootSystems,AllButUniform ................................... 71
5.2.1 RootTypes ........................................................ 71
5.2.2 GeneticVariationinRootArchitecture .......................... 73
5.2.3 HormonalControlofRootArchitecture ......................... 73
5.2.4 EnvironmentalFactorsInfluencingRootArchitecture ........... 74
5.3 PatterningDuringRootEmbryogenesis ................................. 76
5.3.1 EarlyEmbryogenesisPatterningEvents ......................... 76
5.3.2 EstablishmentofthePrimaryRootMeristem .................... 78
5.3.3 RadialOrganisationoftheRoot .................................. 79
5.4 LateralRootDevelopment .............................................. 80
5.5 Conclusions .............................................................. 83
References .................................................................... 84
6 LegumeNoduleDevelopment .............................................. 91
6.1 Introduction .............................................................. 91
6.2 EvolutionTowardsNitrogen-FixingBacterialEndosymbiosis ......... 92
6.3 LegumeNoduleInitiationandDevelopment ........................... 93
6.4 NFPerception,SignalTransductionandGenesInvolved
intheEstablishmentofNodulation ..................................... 96
6.4.1 TheSearchforNFReceptors .................................... 96
6.4.2 NFSignalling ..................................................... 98
6.4.3 TransmittingtheSignal .......................................... 101
6.5 GenesInvolvedinInfection,FormationandDevelopment
ofNodules ............................................................. 104
6.5.1 MarkerGenestoStudyEarlyNodulationStages ............... 105
6.5.2 GenesInvolvedatEarlyNodulationStages .................... 105
6.5.3 GenesInvolvedinBacterialDifferentiation
andNoduleDevelopment ....................................... 106
6.5.4 GenesInvolvedinNitrogenFixation ........................... 107
6.6 TheLatestStageofNodulation:NoduleSenescence ................. 109
6.7 HormonesinNodulation .............................................. 111
6.7.1 Auxin ............................................................ 111
6.7.2 Cytokinins ....................................................... 113
6.7.3 Ethylene .......................................................... 115
6.7.4 Gibberellins ...................................................... 117
6.7.5 AbscisicAcid .................................................... 118
6.8 Autoregulation ......................................................... 118
6.9 ToolstoStudyNodulationinLegumes ............................... 121
x Contents
6.9.1 GenomeandSequenceAnalysis ................................ 121
6.9.2 Transcriptomics .................................................. 122
6.9.3 MutagenesisofModelLegumes ................................ 123
6.9.4 FromModelLegumetoCropLegumes ......................... 124
References .................................................................. 125
7 TuberDevelopment ....................................................... 137
7.1 Introduction ............................................................ 137
7.1.1 TuberCompositionandNutrition ............................... 138
7.1.2 FocusonPotato .................................................. 139
7.2 PotatoTuberDevelopment ............................................ 139
7.2.1 ControlofTuberInitiation ...................................... 141
7.2.2 ChangesinCarbohydrateMetabolismDuring
TuberDevelopment ............................................. 143
7.2.3 OtherAspectsofMetabolism—SugarandAminoAcid
Content ........................................................... 145
7.2.4 ControlofPotatoTuberDormancy ............................. 145
7.3 Summary ............................................................... 147
References .................................................................. 147
8 Senescence ................................................................. 151
8.1 Introduction ............................................................ 151
8.2 SenescenceinPlants ................................................... 152
8.3 SymptomsofSenescence .............................................. 152
8.3.1 ChlorophyllDegradation ........................................ 153
8.3.2 MembraneDegradation ......................................... 153
8.3.3 ProteinDegradation ............................................. 154
8.3.4 DegradationofNucleicAcids ................................... 155
8.3.5 NutrientRemobilization ......................................... 155
8.4 RegulationofLeafSenescence ........................................ 155
8.4.1 Age ............................................................... 156
8.4.2 Sugars ............................................................ 156
8.4.3 ReproductiveGrowth ............................................ 157
8.4.4 PlantGrowthRegulators ........................................ 157
8.5 MolecularGeneticRegulationofLeafSenescence ................... 160
8.5.1 GeneExpressionDuringLeafSenescence ...................... 160
8.5.2 IdentificationofSAGs ........................................... 161
8.6 GeneticManipulationandApplicationofLeafSenescence .......... 163
8.7 ConclusionsandOutlooks ............................................. 164
References .................................................................. 165
PartIII ReproductiveGrowthandDevelopment
9 FloralOrganInitiationandDevelopment .............................. 173
9.1 Introduction:theAngiospermFlower ................................. 173
9.2 TheMADSBoxFamilyofTranscriptionFactors .................... 174
Contents xi
9.3 ChangefromVegetativeGrowthtoReproductive
Growth ................................................................. 175
9.3.1 TransitiontotheReproductivePhase ........................... 175
9.3.2 InductionoftheFloralMeristem ................................ 176
9.3.3 InitiationofFlowerPrimordia .................................. 178
9.3.4 FloralOrganSpecification ....................................... 178
9.4 FloralQuartetModel .................................................. 180
9.4.1 AFunction ....................................................... 181
9.4.2 BFunction ....................................................... 182
9.4.3 CFunction ....................................................... 183
9.4.4 DFunction ....................................................... 184
9.4.5 EFunction ....................................................... 185
9.4.6 VariationsontheTypical(A)BCDEModel .................... 186
9.5 AutoregulatoryMechanisms .......................................... 187
9.6 OtherGenesInvolvedinFloralOrganogenesis ....................... 187
9.7 TargetsoftheFloralOrganIdentityGenes ........................... 188
9.8 Summary ............................................................... 189
References .................................................................. 189
10 ControlofFlowerDevelopment ......................................... 195
10.1 Introduction .......................................................... 195
10.2 RegulationofFloralOrganDevelopment ........................... 196
10.2.1 GenesAssociatedwithFloralDevelopment ................... 196
10.2.2 Photoperiodism ................................................. 197
10.2.3 Vernalization ................................................... 198
10.2.4 Florigen ......................................................... 198
10.3 GeneticNetworkofFloweringControl .............................. 199
10.3.1 Light-DependentPathway ..................................... 199
10.3.2 GibberellinPathway ............................................ 201
10.3.3 AutonomousPathway .......................................... 201
10.3.4 VernalizationPathway ......................................... 202
10.4 Perspectives .......................................................... 206
References .................................................................. 206
11 DevelopmentandFunctionoftheFemaleGametophyte .............. 209
11.1 Introduction .......................................................... 209
11.2 TheFormationofFemaleGametes .................................. 210
11.2.1 Megasporogenesis .............................................. 210
11.2.2 Megagametogenesis ............................................ 212
11.3 GeneticDissectionofFemaleGametogenesis ....................... 213
11.4 TranscriptionalAnalysisoftheFemaleGametophyte .............. 214
11.4.1 GeneExpressionintheDifferentiatedFemale
Gametophyte ................................................... 215
11.4.2 TranscriptionalRepressioninSporophyticCells
oftheOvule .................................................... 218