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Plant Development and Biotechnology E DITED BY Robert N. Trigiano Ph.D. Dennis J. Gray Ph.D. CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 4 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Back cover: Digital micrograph of transgenic grape somatic embryos showing expression of GFP (appears on p. 276). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plant development and biotechnology / edited by Robert N. Trigiano and Dennis J. Gray. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-1614-6 (alk. paper) 1. Plant tissue culture. 2. Plants—Development. 3. Plant biotechnology. I. Trigiano, R. N. (Robert Nicholas), 1953- II. Gray, Dennis J. (Dennis John), 1953- QK725.P562 2004 571.5'382—dc22 2004045725 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1614-6 Library of Congress Card Number 2004045725 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 5 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Acknowledgments We would like to thank the contributing authors for their outstanding efforts and patience throughout this lengthy process; the University of Tennessee’s Institute of Agriculture and the University of Florida’s Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences for providing financial support for this project; Kay Trigiano for her superb editorial assistance, proofreading, and encouragement; John Sulzycki, senior editor at CRC Press, for his understanding and compassion; and Pat Roberson and Suzanne Lassandro at CRC Press, whose tireless efforts contributed greatly to this project. Finally, as with our other CRC projects, we are most indebted to Andrew N. Trigiano and Bob D. Gray, who provided constant inspiration and a welcome source of diversions during the completion of this book. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 7 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Editors Robert N. Trigiano, Ph.D., is professor of ornamental plant biotechnology and plant pathology in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology at the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station at Knoxville. Dr. Trigiano received his B.S. degree with an emphasis in biology and chemistry from Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania in 1975, and an M.S. in biology (mycology) from the Penn- sylvania State University in 1977. He was an associate research agronomist, specializing in mushroom culture and plant pathology, for Green Giant Co. in Le Sueur, Minnesota until 1979, and then a mushroom grower for Rol-Land Farms, Ltd., Blenheim, Ontario, Canada in 1979 and 1980. Dr. Trigiano completed a Ph.D. in botany and plant pathology at North Carolina State University at Raleigh in 1983. After concluding postdoctoral work in the Plant and Soil Science Department at the University of Tennessee, he became an assistant professor in the Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Design at the same university in 1987, and was promoted to associate professor in 1991 and to professor in 1997. He joined the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology in 2002. Dr. Trigiano is a member of the American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) and the Mycological Society of America, and the honorary societies of Gamma Sigma Delta, Sigma Xi, and Phi Kappa Phi. He has been an associate editor for the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science and for Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, and an editor for Plant Cell Reports. Dr. Trigiano is coeditor of Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences and the popular textbooks Plant Tissue Culture Concepts and Laboratory Exercises (2nd edition) and Plant Pathology Con- cepts and Laboratory Exercises, all published by CRC Press. He received the T. J. Whatley Distinguished Young Scientist Award (The University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, 1991) and the Gamma Sigma Delta Research Award of Merit (The University of Tennessee, 1991). In 1998, he received the ASHS Publication Award for the most outstanding educational paper and the Southern region ASHS L. M. Ware Distinguished Research Award. Dr. Trigiano has been the recipient of several research grants from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Horticultural Research Institute, and private industries and foundations. He has published more than 120 research papers, book chapters, and popular press articles. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in plant tissue culture, DNA analysis, protein gel electrophoresis, and plant microtechnique. Current research interests include somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation of ornamental species, fungal physiology, population analysis, DNA profiling of fungi and plants, and gene discovery. Dennis J. Gray, Ph.D., is a member of the University of Florida/IFAS Horticulture Department. He directs the plant biotechnology program at the Mid-Florida Research and Education Center. Dr. Gray graduated with a B.A. degree in biology from California State College, Stanislaus in 1976 and received an M.S. degree in mycology, with a minor in botany, from Auburn University in 1979. He earned a Ph.D. degree in botany, with a minor in plant pathology, from North Carolina State University in 1982. After a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Tennessee, he joined the faculty of the University of Florida in 1984, reaching the rank of professor in 1993. Dr. Gray has been a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the American Society for Horticultural Science, the Botanical Society of America, the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, the Society for In Vitro Biology, the International Association for Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, the © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 8 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM International Horticultural Society, and Sigma Xi. He was associate editor, then managing editor, of the internationally recognized, refereed journal Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture from 1988 through 1994. He currently is coeditor-in-chief of Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. Dr. Gray has received research grants and support from the Binational Research and Devel- opment Fund, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Affairs, the Florida High Technology and Industry Council, the United States Department of Agriculture, and private industry. He has been an author or coauthor of more than 200 publications and holds several patents. He was awarded the rank of University of Florida Research Foundation Professorship from 1998 to 2001. He led a research team that received the USDA’s Secretary’s Award for research in grapevine biotechnology in 2002. His current interests include the developmental biology of regenerative plant cells and the integration of contemporary and newly emerging technologies for crop improvement. © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 9 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Contributors David W. Altman Barbara M. Doyle BioCon Associates Department of Zoology, Applied Ecology, and Franklin, Tennessee Plant Science National University of Ireland Robert M. Beaty Cork, Ireland Department of Botany The University of Tennessee Victor P. Gaba Department of Virology Knoxville, Tennessee Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center Caula A. Beyl Bet Dagan, Israel Department of Plant and Soil Science Alabama A&M University Effin T. Graham Normal, Alabama Department of Plant Sciences The University of Tennessee James D. Caponetti Knoxville, Tennessee Department of Botany The University of Tennessee Dennis J. Gray Knoxville, Tennessee Mid-Florida Research and Education Center University of Florida/IFAS Alan C. Cassells Apopka, Florida Department of Zoology, Applied Ecology, and Plant Science Matthew D. Halfhill National University of Ireland Department of Plant Sciences Cork, Ireland The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Erika Charbit Division of Biology Ernest Hiebert Kansas State University Department of Plant Pathology Manhattan, Kansas University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Zong-Ming Cheng Laura C. Hudson Department of Plant Sciences Department of Plant Sciences The University of Tennessee The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Michael E. Compton Subramanian Jayasankar School of Agriculture Department of Plant Agriculture – Vineland University of Wisconsin – Platteville Campus Platteville, Wisconsin University of Guelph Vineland Station, Ontario, Canada Sacco C. de Vries Department of Agrotechnology and Food Michael E. Kane Sciences Department of Environmental Horticulture Wageningen University University of Florida Wageningen, the Netherlands Gainesville, Florida © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 10 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Peggy G. Lemaux Otto J. Schwarz Department of Plant and Microbial Biology Department of Botany University of California – Berkeley The University of Tennessee Berkeley, California Knoxville, Tennessee Zhijian T. Li Anjuna R. Sharma Mid-Florida Research and Education Center Department of Botany University of Florida/IFAS The University of Tennessee Apopka, Florida Knoxville, Tennessee Mary Ann Lila C. Neal Stewart, Jr. Department of Natural Resources and Department of Plant Sciences Environmental Sciences The University of Tennessee University of Illinois Knoxville, Tennessee Urbana, Illinois Chia-Min Lin Gayle R. L. Suttle Department of Plant Pathology Microplant Nurseries, Inc. University of Florida Gervais, Oregon Gainesville, Florida Leigh E. Towill Kathleen R. Malueg U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Department of Plant Sciences Research Service The University of Tennessee National Center for Genetic Resources Knoxville, Tennessee Preservation Fort Collins, Colorado Andreas P. Mordhorst Heythuysen Robert N. Trigiano The Netherlands Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Kimberly A. Pickens Institute of Agriculture Department of Plant Sciences The University of Tennessee The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Richard E. Veilleux Sandra M. Reed Department of Horticulture Floral and Nursery Plant Research Unit Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State U.S. National Arboretum University Agricultural Research Service Blacksburg, Virginia U.S. Department of Agriculture McMinnville, Tennessee Albrecht G. von Arnim Harry A. Richards Department of Botany Food Safety Center The University of Tennessee The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Shibo Zhang James A. Saunders Department of Plant and Microbial Biology U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural University of California – Berkeley Research Service Berkeley, California Beltsville, Maryland © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 11 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Table of Contents SECTION I Introduction...............................................................................1 Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................................3 Dennis J. Gray and Robert N. Trigiano SECTION II History of Plant Tissue Culture..................................................7 Chapter 2 History of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture..................................................................9 James D. Caponetti, Dennis J. Gray, and Robert N. Trigiano SECTION III Supporting Methodologies.......................................................17 Chapter 3 Getting Started with Tissue Culture: Media Preparation, Sterile Technique, and Laboratory Equipment......................................................................................19 Caula A. Beyl Chapter 4 Histological Techniques...........................................................................................39 Robert N. Trigiano, Kathleen R. Malueg, Kimberly A. Pickens, Zong-Ming Cheng, and Effin T. Graham Chapter 5 Photographic Methods for Plant Cell and Tissue Culture......................................49 Dennis J. Gray Chapter 6 Elements of In Vitro Research.................................................................................55 Michael E. Compton Chapter 7 A Brief Introduction to Plant Anatomy...................................................................73 Robert N. Trigiano and Dennis J. Gray Chapter 8 Plant Growth Regulators in Plant Tissue Culture and Development......................87 Victor P. Gaba © 2005 by CRC Press LLC 1614_C00.fm Page 12 Friday, June 18, 2004 8:57 AM Chapter 9 Software and Databases as Tools for Analyzing Nucleic Acid and Protein Sequences...............................................................................................................101 Zhijian T. Li Chapter 10 Molecular Approaches to the Study of Plant Development..................................119 Albrecht G. von Arnim SECTION IV Propagation and Development Concepts...............................143 Chapter 11 Shoot Culture Procedures......................................................................................145 Michael E. Kane Chapter 12 Propagation from Nonmeristematic Tissues: Organogenesis................................159 Otto J. Schwarz, Anjuna R. Sharma, and Robert M. Beaty Chapter 13 Molecular Aspects of In Vitro Shoot Organogenesis............................................173 Shibo Zhang and Peggy G. Lemaux Chapter 14 Propagation from Nonmeristematic Tissues: Nonzygotic Embryogenesis...........187 Dennis J. Gray Chapter 15 Some Developmental and Molecular Aspects of Somatic Embryogenesis (Nonzygotic Embryogenesis).................................................................................201 Andreas Mordhorst, Erika Charbit, and Sacco C. de Vries SECTION V Crop Improvement Techniques..............................................211 Chapter 16 Use of Protoplasts for Plant Improvement............................................................213 Richard E. Veilleux, Michael E. Compton, and James A. Saunders Chapter 17 Haploid Cultures....................................................................................................225 Sandra M. Reed Chapter 18 Embryo Rescue......................................................................................................235 Sandra M. Reed Chapter 19 Genetic Engineering Technologies........................................................................241 Zhijian T. Li and Dennis J. Gray © 2005 by CRC Press LLC