Plant Cell Wall Patterning and Cell Shape

466 Pages·2014·6.946 MB·English

by  Fukuda, Hiroo

Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Section 1: Factors Controlling Plant Cell Wall Patterning
Chapter 1: The Biosynthesis and Function of Polysaccharide Components of the Plant Cell
Wall
Introduction
Overview of the Plant Cell Wall
Components of the Primary Cell Wall
Biosynthesis and Assembly of the Cell Wall
Function of Xyloglucan and XTH
Function of Pectin and PME
References
Chapter 2: Regulation of Cell Wall Formation by Membrane Traffic
Introduction
Membrane Trafficking in Plant Cells
Membrane Traffic in Cell Wall Metabolism
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3: A Blueprint for Cellulose Biosynthesis, Deposition, and Regulation in Plants
Introduction
Structure and Deposition of Cellulose
Isolation of Genes Encoding Cellulose Synthase Catalytic Subunits
Structural Insights from the Bacterial Cellulose Synthase Complex
CesAs Involved in Primary Cell Wall Biosynthesis
CesAs Involved in Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis
Regulation of the Cellulose Synthase Complex (CSC) by Cytoskeletal Components and
Vesicle Trafficking
Other Genes Involved in Cellulose Biosynthesis
Regulation of the CSC by Phosphorylation
Wall Integrity Sensing
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4: Cortical Microtubule Array Organization and Plant Cell Morphogenesis
Introduction
Microtubule Polymers
Microtubule Behaviors in Plant Cells
Microtubule Functions in Plant Cells
Organizing Transverse Plant Microtubule Arrays
References
Chapter 5: Actin Filament Dynamics and their Role in Plant Cell Expansion
Introduction
The Actin Cytoskeleton and Cell Morphogenesis
Live-Cell Imaging and New Fluorescent Reporters for Actin Dynamics Studies
A New View of Actin Turnover in Plants
Actin-binding Proteins Modulate Stochastic Dynamics
Genetic Evidence for the Stochastic Dynamics Model
Filament Length and Lifetime: Key Parameters Linking Actin Dynamics with Axial Cell
Expansion?
Prospects for the Future
Acknowledgements
References
Section 2: Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Various Cell Shapes
Chapter 6: The Regulation of Cell Shape Formation by ROP-dependent Auxin Signaling
Introduction
Leaf PCs as a Model System to Study Cellular Morphogenesis
Cytoskeletal Regulation of PC Morphogenesis: Counteraction between ROP-mediated
Cortical Actin Microfilament and Microtubules
Self-organizing Mechanism Controls the Localized Auxin Transport Critical for PC
Morphogenesis
Coordination of Interdigitative Growth by Auxin
Connecting Signals to Rop GTPases: GEFs as Activators of ROP Signaling
Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: Xylem Cell Wall Pattern Formation Regulated by Microtubule-associated
Proteins and ROP GTPases
Introduction
Microtubules and Secondary Wall Development in Xylem Cells
Experimental Systems using Arabidopsis for Study of Xylem Cell Differentiation
Secondary Cell Wall Patterning in Xylem Cells
Membrane Traffic and Cellulose Synthesis Activity are Essential for Secondary Wall
Patterning
Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8: ROP Signaling and the Cytoskeleton in Pollen Tube Growth
Introduction
Structural Basis for Pollen Tube Tip Growth
The Cytoskeleton
ROP GTPases in Pollen Tubes
ROPs regulate F-actin Organziation and Dynamics
Regulation of ROP Activity in Pollen Tubes
Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Phosphoinositide Signaling in Root Hair Tip Growth
Introduction to Root Hair Study
Overview of Phosphoinositide Signaling in Eukaryotes
Phosphoinositide Signaling in Root Hair Tip Growth
Signaling by Other Phospholipids in Root Hair Tip Growth
Signal Integration by Phosphoinositide Interactors
A Hypothetical Mechanism for Sustaining the Tip Growth Polarity
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10: Arabidopsis Trichome Morphogenesis and the Role of Microtubules in
Controlling Trichome Branch Formation
Introduction
Transcriptional Control of Trichome Development
Analysis of Gene Expression in Developing Trichomes
Role of Microtubules in Trichome Branching
Molecular Processes Influencing MT Dynamics and Trichome Branching
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Transfer Cells: Novel Cell Types with Unique Wall Ingrowth Architecture
Designed for Optimized Nutrient Transport
Introduction
Reticulate Wall Ingrowth Morphology
Flange Wall Ingrowth Morphology
Chemical Composition of Wall Ingrowths
Mechanisms of Reticulate Wall Ingrowth Deposition: A Unique Type of Localized Wall
Deposition in Plants
Mechanisms of Flange Wall Ingrowth Deposition: Similarities to Secondary Wall
Thickenings
Signals Inducing Transfer Cell Differentiation
The Transfer Cell Transcriptome
Phloem Parenchyma Transfer Cell in Arabidopsis thaliana: A Genetic Model to Study
Transfer Cell Biology
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Section 3: Developmental Regulations of Cell Shape
Chapter 12: Regulation of Guard Cell Formation by Integration of Transcriptional and
Signaling Regulation
Introduction
Transcription Factors: Intrinsic Factors Regulate Stomatal Formation
The Signaling Cascade: Receiving Extracellular Signals by Membrane-bound
Receptors
YDA MAPK Pathway: Transducing Extracellular Information to Intracellular
Transcription Factors
Modulation of Stomatal Development by Environmental Stimuli
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Transcriptional Regulation of Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Components during
Xylem Differentiation
Introduction
Xylem Cell Wall Composition and Biosynthesis
Coordinated Expression of Secondary Wall Biosynthetic Genes during Xylem
Differentiation
Promoter Analysis of Xylem-specific Expression
Transcriptional Switches Activating Secondary Wall Deposition
Feed-forward Loop Regulatory Network Controlling the Expression of Secondary Wall
Biosynthetic Genes
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14: Phloem Cell Development
Introduction
Primary Development of the Vasculature
Differentiation and Characteristics of Phloem
Evolutionary and Divergence Aspects
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4
Figure 10.5
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.5
Figure 11.6
Figure 11.7
Figure 12.1
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
Figure 13.1
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
Figure 13.4
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.4
Figure 14.5
List of Tables
Table 5.1
Table 8.1
Table 9.1
Table 10.1
Table 12.1
Plant Cell Wall Patterning and Cell
Shape
Edited by
HIROO FUKUDA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Plant cell wall patterning and cell shape / edited by Hiroo Fukuda.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-64737-0 (cloth)
1. Plant cell walls. I. Fukuda, H (Hiroo)
QK725.P4723 2014
572′.472–dc23
2014024315