Plant Breeding, Biometry & Biotechnology PDF
Preview Plant Breeding, Biometry & Biotechnology
PLANT BREEDING BIOMETRY BIOTECHNOLOGY "This page is Intentionally Left Blank" PLANT BREEDING BIOMETRY BIOTECHNOLOGY Dr Dipak Kumar Kar MSc, PhD Principal, Asutosh C()llege, Kolkata Dr Soma Halder MSc, MTech, PhD Assistant Professor, Asutosh College, Kolkata New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd LONDON HYDERABAD ERNAKULAM BHUBANESWAR NEW DELHI KOLKATA PUNE GUWAHATI NCB/\ RECD OFFICE 811 Chincamoni Das Lane, Kolkata 700 009, India email: [email protected] OVERSEAS NC:BA (UK) Ltd, 149 Park Avenue North, Northampton, NN3 2HY, UK email: [email protected] EXPORT NC:BA Exporrs Pvt. Ltd, 212 Shahpur Jar, New Delhi 110 049 email: [email protected] BRANCHES 2127 Ansari Road, 1st Floor House No. 3-1-315, !st Floor Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002 Nimboliadda, Kachiguda, Hyderabad 500 027 email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Shop Nos. 3 & 4, VinayakTowers GSS Shopping Complex, lst Floor 681/B Budhwar Peth, Appa Balwanc Chowk Opposite College Post Office, Convene Road Pune 411 002 Ernakulam 682 035 email: [email protected] 0484-4021054/53 Shop No. 15, Bharati Towers, Ground Floor Radhamayee Complex (Second Floor) Forest Park Opp. SB!, Panbazar, Jaswanra Road Bhubaneswar 751 001 Guwahati 781 00 I email: [email protected] email: [email protected] P~ANT BREEDING, BIOMETRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY• Dr Dipak Kumar Kar, Dr Soma Halder © Copyright reserved by the Authors .Publication, Distribution, and Promotion Rights reserved by the Publisher All rights reserved. No pan of the text in general, and the figures, diagrams, page layout, and cover design in particular, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system-wirhout the prior written permission of the Publisher First Published: August 2006 Reprinted: January 2008 Revised and Enlarged Second Edition: August 2010 Reprinted: 2013 Reprinted: January 2017 PUBLISHE!l,. ANO TYPESETTER New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd 8/J Chintamoni Das Lane, Kolkata 700 009 PRINTER New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd Web-Offset Division, Dhulagarh, Sankrail, Howrah PROJECT TEAM Prabir Ghosh and Ashit Ghosh ISBN: 978 81 7381 633 8 Price~ 325.00 CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition IX Preface to the First Edition x PLANT BREEDING 1. PLANT BREEDING: AN INTRODUCTION 3-9 History, Origin and Evolution of Crop Plants: Centres of Origin; Patterns of Evolution; Domestication; Origin of Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Tea; Scope and Objectives; Questions 2. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS IN CROP PLANTS 10-27 Mode of Reproduction: Vegetative, Apomixis, Sexual and their significance in generating and fixing variations; Breeding Systems: Self-Pollinated, Cross-Pollinated; Pollination Control: Incomp.atibility: Types and Use; Male Sterility: Types and Utilization; Questions 3. BREEDING METHODS: INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION 28-34 Purpose; Procedure; Agencies in India; Merits and Demerits; Achievements; Maintenance of Germplasm (Gene Bank, Pollen Bank, Seed Bank, NBPGR); Questions 4. BREEDING METHODS: SELECTION 35-44 Mass Selection; Pure Line Selection; Recurrent Selection; Clonal Selection: Purpose, Procedure, Merits and Demerits, Achievements; Comparison; Questions 5. BREEDING METHODS: HYBRIDIZATION 45~69 Purpose; General Technique; Hybridization in Self-Pollinated Crops: Pedigree Method, Bulk Method, Back-Cross Method: Procedure, Merits and Demerits, Achievements; Hybridization in Cross-Pollinated Crops; Questions 6. HETEROSIS AND HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION 70-80 Hybrid Vigour vs Inbreeding Depression; Manifestation ofHeterosis; Causes of Heterosis; Genetic basis of Heterosis; Physiological basis of Heterosis; Utilization in Plant Breeding; Hybrid Seed Production; Questions 7. BREEDING METHODS: SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURE 81-96 Mutation Breeding; Polyploidy Breeding; Biotechnology in Plant Breeding; Use of Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding; Questions v VI Contents 8. CULTIVATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF SOME CROPS 97-116 Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Jute, Tea; Questions BIOMETRY 9. BIOMETRY: AN INTRODUCTION 119-136 Biometry: Application and Limitation; Population and Sample; Variable and Variate; Sampling; Data and its types; Frequency Distribution; Represen tation of Data; Questions 10. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND DISPERSION 137-158 Central Tendency: Mean, Mode and Median; Distribution Patterns; Dispersion: Mean Deviation; Variance; Standard Deviation; Coefficient of Variation; Standard Error; Questions 11. TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE AND ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 159-176 Test of Significance: Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis; Student's 't' Test, Degree of Freedom, Determination of Significance, Unpaired 't' Test and Paired 't' Test: Practical Sheets, t-Table and Examples; Analysis of Variance: F-Statistics-Practical Sheets, F-Table and Example; Questions 12. PROBABILITY AND CHI-SQUARE TEST 177-201 Probability: Events, Addition Theory, Multiplication Theory, Binomial x2 Distribution, Significance in Genetics; Chi-square (X2) Test: Application, Test for Goodness of Fit, Examples: 3: 1, 9: 3: 3: l, l : l, l : 1 : l : 1, 9 : 7, 13 : 3, 15 : 1, 1 : 2 : 1; x2 Test for Association of Attributes, Yates Correction; Questions 13. CORRELATION AND REGRESSION 202-208 Correlation: Different Kinds, Coefficient of Correlation, Significance; Regression and Regression line; Questions 14. MEASUREMENT OF GENE FRQUENCY 209-214 Population Genetics: Measurement of Gene Frequency; Genotype Frequency and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium; Factors Affecting Gene Frequency; Questions BIOSTATISTICAL SYMBOLS, FORMULAE AND TABLES 215-224 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 15. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION 227-230 Areas and Branches; Scope and Prospects; Questions l6. PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS 231-249 Cellular Totipotency; Laboratory Requirements; Culture Medium; Aseptic Manipulation; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tissue Culture Types; Applications of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture; Questions Contents v11 17. CALLUS CULTURE AND CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE 250-261 Callus Culture: Initiation and Maintenance; Significance of Callus Culture; Suspension Culture: Initiation and Maintenance, Types of Suspension Culture; Utility of Suspension Culture; Single Cell Culture and Cell Plating; Questions 18. PLANT REGENERATION AND MICROPROPAGATION 262-279 Organogenesis: Direct and Indirect; Somatic Embryogenesis: Difference with Zygotic Embryogenesis; Applications; Synthetic/Artificial Seed: Method of Embryo Encapsulation, Potential Uses; Micropropagation: Methods, Stages, Advantages, Commercial Uses; Questions 19. ZYGOTIC EMBRYO CULTURE AND EMBRYO RESCUE 280-285 Types of Embryo Culture; Procedure of Embryo Culture; Applications of Embryo Culture; Questions 20. PROTOPLAST CULTURE AND SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION 286-300 Protoplast Isolation; Protoplast Culture; Protoplast Fusion; Somatic Hybri- dization; Cybrid Production; Practical Applications; Questions 21. ANTHER-POLLEN CULTURE AND HAPLOID PLANTS 301-310 Anther Culture; Pollen Culture; Process of Androgenesis; Gynogenic Hap- loids; Haploid Plants and their use in Plant Breeding; Questions 22. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING 311-342 Purpose and Basic Steps; Enzymes Involved; Cloning Vectors; Gene Cloning Technique; Screening Technique; Genomic and cDNA Libraries; Molecular Mapping; DNA Fingerprinting; Gene Amplification (PCR); Gene Sequen cing; Plant Genome Projects; Questions 23. BIOINFORMATICS 343-356 Scope and Areas; Genomics; Proteomics; Transcriptomics; Metabolomics; Institutes, Websites, Databases, Tools; Industrial Use; Systems Biology; Questions 24. GENE TRANSFER AND TRANSGENIC PLANTS 357-372 Vector Mediated Gene Transter: Vectors, Transfer via Agrobacterium; Direct Gene Transfer; Confirmation of Transferred Gene; Transgenic Plants; Impact of Transgenic Crops on Society; Questions 25. APPLICATIONS OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 373-381 Agriculture; Industry; Healthcare; Environment; Questions GLOSSARY 383-398 SUGGESTED READINGS 399-400 INDEX 401-412 "This page is Intentionally Left Blank" PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The second revised and enlarged edition of the book includes a separate section of 'Plant Biotechnology' in addition to 'Plant Breeding' and 'Biometry'. PLANT BREEDING, an art as well as science, has played a pivotal role in the Green Revolution of the country by the improvement of ex;sting varieties of crops. This book covers the principles and methods of plant breeding. Elementary principles of Genetics-the foundation-stones of plant breeding-are explained in precise details. Both conventional methods, viz. introduction and accli matization, selection, hybridization, heterosis and supplementary methods, viz. polyploidy breeding, mutation breeding have been discussed using suitable examples from Indian context. The recent advances in molecular genetics have resulted in the use of biotechnology as the modern method of breeding in 21st century. Such cutting-edge advances are also under the purview of our book. BIOMETRY has proved indispensable with the progress in various disciplines of life science. The estimation of probable truth of any biological statement can only be judged by statistical assessments. As the data of bioscience are of a variable nature, the collected data must be processed properly to get con crete conclusion(s) after classification, tabulation, comparison, correlation, and interpretation. The diffe rent basic methods of Biostatistics have been exhaustively discussed with objectives, principles, merits and demerits-supplemented ~ tables, practical sheets, solved problems and a set of illuminating exercises. BIOTECHNOLOGY is the controlled use of biological systems for the benefit of human society. Plant Biotechnology has come to the forefront of scientific disciplines simply because of tremendous development in 'Genetic Engineering' on the one hand and 'Plant Tissue Culture' on the other. The book covers the methods by which genes can be chemically resolved, isolated, synthesized and subjected to manipulation through 'Recombinant DNA Technology'. The inherent property of 'Totipotency' in plant cells has opened up the avenue of artificial culturing of plants through 'in vitro technique' which is also under the discussion of the book. Recombinant DNA technology coupled with advances of in vitro tech nique have resulted in direct transfer of genes from one organism to another to develop the 'Transgenic Plants' or 'GM crops' for their use in agriculture, industry, healthcare and environment. Different techniques and applications of Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering have been thoroughly depicted in this book alongwith the necessary diagrams, photographs, examples. This textbook claims little originality in content or presentation and, naturally, heavily drawn from earlier texts on the subject. However, this is a sincere attempt on the part of the authors to present this part ~f plant science in a comprehensive and precise manner for a meaningful interaction with the eru dite teachers and the intelligent taught. The subject matter of the book is concise with uptodate informa tion bearing necessary charts, tables, diagrams, photographs, and examples. We have endeavoured to keep the text simple and lucid, arranged in logical and sequential manner. We express our sincere thanks to Mr Amitabha Sen and Dr (Mrs) Mita Sen of New Central Book Agency for their spontaneous acceptance and ardent enthusiasm in publishing this book. It has been a pleasure for us to work with Mr Soumen Paul and other members of the publishing house, specially Mr Ashft Kr Ghosh, Mr Prabhat Jas, and Mr Prabir Ghosh, all of whom took great care to produce the book. Constructive criticisms and suggestions from readers-both students and teachers-will be highly appreciated. 16th January 20 JO Dr Dipak Kumar Kar Asutosh College Dr Soma Halder Kolkata IX
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