Plant Biotechnology: Experience and Future Prospects PDF
Preview Plant Biotechnology: Experience and Future Prospects
Agnès Ricroch · Surinder Chopra Shelby J. Fleischer Editors Plant Biotechnology Experience and Future Prospects Plant Biotechnology Agnès Ricroch (cid:129) Surinder Chopra Shelby J. Fleischer Editors Plant Biotechnology Experience and Future Prospects 123 Editors AgnèsRicroch SurinderChopra AgroParisTech DepartmentofPlantScience Paris,France ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity UniversityPark,StateCollege,PA,USA OrsayUniversity Orsay,France AcademyofAgricultureofFrance PennStateUniversity,UniversityPark StateCollege,PA,USA ShelbyJ.Fleischer DepartmentofEntomology ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity UniversityPark,StateCollege,PA,USA ISBN978-3-319-06891-6 ISBN978-3-319-06892-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06892-3 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014944084 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSwitzerland(outsidetheUSA)2014 Chapters11,12and18wascreatedwithinthecapacityofanUSgovernmentemployment.UScopyright protectiondoesnotapply. ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Society embraces technology. We rush to update our mobile phones to the latest model and operating system. We marvel at thin lightweight tablets and cloud storage. We rely on automobiles that are smarter than we as drivers can be. Our householdappliancesmanageourhomesmore efficientlythanwe do.We quickly complain about poor wireless coverage in shopping malls or on transcontinental airplane flights. We use life-saving medicines mass-produced with the tools of genetic engineering. And, if our part of the world does not yet have these technologies,weaspiretohavethem. Yet we are concerned about continued use of technology in our food system. Whythisdisconnect? “Continued use of technology” is exactly the right phrase, for humans have always applied the highest technologies available to improving our food supply. The earliest tools were, in hindsight, crude approaches leading to the first steps in domestication.The domesticationprocessitself, of plants and animals, became the fodder through which our discoveries of the complexities of genetics and the evolutionaryprocesswererevealed. Ourconventionalfoodsourceshavealwaysbeendevelopedusingavarietyof– for their day – cutting edge technologies: manipulated hybridizationsof different speciesthatcombinedhundredsorthousandsofgenesthathadevolvedinseparate lineages, mutagenizingchemicals, ionizing radiation. The developmentof genetic engineeringcapacityoffered,tothoseofusinthebiologicalsciences,asetoftools throughwhichwe couldbemuchmoreprecisein ourworkand,potentially,more impactfulwithouroutcomes. As an entomologist, not a sociologist, I hesitate to completely dissect this question,butIcanprovideempiricalobservationstothedebatefromtheperspective ofadecadeandahalfofagriculturaladministrationexperience. Foodisinthenews.Foodchannelsandprogrammingontelevision,foodblogs, and movies about food surround us in the media. Social media have exploded and have changedthe communicationparadigm – “viral” likely evinces reference to a YouTube video much more quickly than to disease processes in the minds of today’s citizen. Despite the fact that crops produced with the tools of genetic v vi Foreword engineeringareamongthemoststrictlyregulatedproductsinhistory,werecallthe caseswhereregulationhasfailedtokeepussafeinthepast.Consumersoftenmix metaphors–thequestionoftheproductisfrequentlyconfusedwithopinionsabout thecompaniesproducingandsellingtheproduct.Whilemuchofthediscussionis in developed countries, countries frequently dealing with an abundance of cheap, safe food, governmentsin developingcountries have made far-reaching decisions about the acceptability of new products that impact perceptions of consumers in theircountries. Perhaps of greatest impact, those of us in the food system have too frequently been silent. Today’s consumer in a developed country is far removed from the production of her or his food. Much of the plant science work is conducted by companies who, with good reason, do not widely share their techniques and approachesinordertomaintaintheirbusinessadvantage.Scientiststoofrequently stayinthelab,greenhouse,andfieldand,tooinfrequently,investtimeintalkingto consumersor–surprisingly–studentstoanswerquestionsandremovesomeofthe perceivedopacityfromtheprocessofdevelopingnewcropvarieties. This volume brings together broad perspectives and begins to close the gap betweenscientiststalkingtooneanotherandscientiststalkingtoourstakeholders– ourneighbors–abouttheexperienceswehavehadtodateusingapowerfulnewset oftoolsandtheprospectsforthisapproachtopositivelyimpactsociety. Technologyis necessary butnotsufficient. We mustdevelopall available tools if we’re to meet the challenges of offeringhealthfulfood in the face of increased population,higherstandardsofliving,andreductionsinwater,land,andenergy.We mustalso,however,usethepowerofthesocialsciencestounderstandhowsociety adoptsnewtechnologiesandadaptsthemtofitlocalculture.Thisisparticularlytrue offood,whichhasanalmostmysticalconnectionwithourculturalstability.Most of all, we need to communicate; communicate with each other as scientists, with decision-makers, and with citizens around the globe. Only through this pathway will the tools we can develop to feed our neighbors and feed the world seem as acceptableandasnecessaryasthenextsmartphonemodelwesimplymusthave. TheOhioStateUniversity Dr.BruceA.McPheron,Ph.D Columbus,OH,USA Dr.BruceA.McPheronPh.DistheVicePresidentforAgriculturalAdministration andDeanoftheCollegeofFood,Agricultural,andEnvironmentalSciences(Ohio State University), beginninghis appointmentin November,2012. He joined Ohio State after serving for three and one-half years as Dean of Penn State’s College ofAgriculturalSciences.McPheronreceivedhisB.S.degreefromTheOhioState University and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Illinois. He currently serves as chair of the Policy Board of Directors of Agriculture for the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities. Dr. McPheron’s research Foreword vii expertise has focused on the use of genetic tools to examine population structure in pest insects. His molecular diagnostic methods for source identification of Mediterraneanfruit fly developedin his laboratory have been adopted by USDA- APHISandseveralstateandinternationalagencies.Hehastaughtawiderangeof classesinentomologyandhastraveledinternationallysharinghisexpertise. Contents 1 Introduction:BiotechnologicalInterventionsforCrop Improvement:AnswerstoGlobalChallenges........................... 1 WilliamD.Dar PartI TheToolsforEngineeringPlants 2 TheEvolutionofAgricultureandToolsforPlantInnovation......... 13 AgnèsRicroch 3 TechniquesandToolsofModernPlantBreeding:FieldCrops........ 25 SurinderChopra 4 GenomicMethodsforImprovingAbioticStressTolerance inCrops...................................................................... 35 Dea-WookKim,GaneshKumarAgrawal,RandeepRakwal, ShahidAhmed,andJaiSinghRohila PartII ContributionstotheSociety 5 TransgenicCropsandFoodSecurity..................................... 45 CalestousJumaandKatherineGordon 6 IntellectualPropertyProtectionofPlantInnovation................... 59 BernardLeBuanecandAgnèsRicroch 7 ProspectsforAgriculturalBiotechnologyto2030 ...................... 75 DavidB.Sawaya 8 GeneticallyEngineeredCropsandRuralSociety....................... 93 LelandGlennaandKristalJones 9 IsItPossibletoOvercometheGMOControversy?Some ElementsforaPhilosophicalPerspective................................ 107 MarcelKuntz ix
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