Plant biochemistry

571 Pages·1997·41.07 MB·English

by  P M Dey

Plant Biochemistry
This textbook is affectionately
dedicated by the editors to
the memory of
PROFESSOR TOM AP REES
1930-1996
A British plant biochemist
internationally recognized for
his many contributions to our
knowledge of carbohydrate
regulation and metabolism in
higher plants
Plant Biochemistry
edited by
P.M. Dey
Division of Biocliemistry, Scliool of Biological Sciences,
Royal Holloway, University of London,
Egham Hilh Egtiam, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK.
and
J.B, Harborne
Department of Botany,
Plant Sciences Laboratories,
University of Reading,
Whiteknigtits,
Reading RG62AS, UK.
ACADEMIC PRESS
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Copyright © 1997 by ACADEMIC PRESS
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Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
The Plant, the Cell and its Molecular Components
P.M. Dey, M.D. Brownleader and J.B. Harborne
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Comparative biochemistry ^
1.3 The eukaryotic plant cell ^
1.4 Techniques of cell fractionation 24
1.5 Molecular aspects ^1
References 47
Further reading 47
Photosynthesis
J.R. Bowyer and R.C. Leegood
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Light energy utilization to produce ATP and NADPH 49
2.3 The Benson-Calvin cycle 84
2.4 Photorespiration 90
2.5 C4 photosynthesis 93
2.6 Crassulacean acid metabolism 100
Acknow^ledgements 102
Background reading 102
Further reading 102
Other reference 104
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Primary Metabolism of Monosaccharides
M.D. Brownleader, J.B. Harborne and P.M. Dey
3.1 Introduction HI
3.2 Glycolysis HI
3.3 Pentose phosphate pathway H^
3.4 The citric acid cycle 1^1
3.5 Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation 126
References and further reading 140
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Storage Carbohydrates
G. Avigad and P.M. Dey
4.1 Introduction 143
4.2 Sucrose 143
4.3 Q;,Q;-Trehalose 1-^8
4.4 Other oligosaccharides 1^1
4.5 Fructans 1^9
4.6 Starch 1/^7
4.7 Other reserve polysaccharides 191
References 195
Further reading 203
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Structural Carbohydrates
J.S. Grant Reid
5.1 Introduction 205
5.2 The plant cell wall or extracellular matrix 205
5.3 Structures and interactions of plant cell wall polysaccharides 209
5.4 Supramolecular interactions of structural polysaccharides in cell walls 218
VI CONTENTS
5.5 Biosynthesis of structural polysaccharides 223
5.6 Metabolic turnover of structural components 231
5.7 Conclusions 235
References 235
6 Plant Lipid Metabolism
John L. Harwood
6.1 The chemistry of plant lipids 237
6.2 Fatty acid biosynthesis 244
6.3 Triacylglycerol synthesis 248
6.4 Membrane lipid biogenesis 250
6.5 Lipid catabolism and turnover 254
6.6 Cutins, suberins and waxes 260
6.7 Plant membranes 263
Further reading 271
7 Primary Nitrogen Metabolism
Peter ]. Lea
7.1 Introduction 273
7.2 Nitrogen fixation 273
7.3 Nitrate uptake and reduction 281
7.4 Ammonia assimilation 285
7.5 Asparagine metabolism 290
7.6 Aminotransferases 292
7.7 The aspartate family 293
7.8 The branched chain amino acids 300
7.9 The biosynthesis of proline and arginine 302
7.10 Sulfur amino acids 305
7.11 Histidine 306
Acknowledgements 306
References 306
Nucleic Acids and Proteins
Eric Lam
8.1 Introduction 315
8.2 DNA 318
8.3 RNA 324
8.4 Proteins 338
8.5 Summary 349
References 350
9 Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants
].A. Gatehouse
9.1 Introduction 353
9.2 Nuclear genes 353
9.3 Organellar genes 367
9.4 Signaling mechanisms in gene regulation 370
9.5 Gene regulation in plant development 372
9.6 Transgenic plants 376
9.7 Conclusion 381
Further reading 381
10 Phenolic Metabolism
D. Strack
10.1 Introduction 387
10.2 Shikimate/arogenate pathway 390
CONTENTS Vll
10.3 Phenylalanine/hydroxycinnamate pathway 393
10.4 Phenylpropanoid pathways 39^
10.5 Hydroxycinnamate conjugates 397
10.6 Hydroxycoumarins 398
10.7 Hydroxybenzoates 399
10.8 Flavonoids 400
10.9 Lignins 408
10.10 Lignans and NeoHgnans 409
10.11 Tannins 410
10.12 Quinones 413
References 416
11 Isoprenoid Metabohsm
?eter M. Bramley
11.1 Introduction 417
11.2 Nomenclature, classification and occurrence 417
11.3 General pathway of terpenoid biosynthesis 418
11.4 Monoterpenoids 419
11.5 Sesquiterpenoids 421
11.6 Diterpenoids 423
11.7 Triterpenoids 425
11.8 Carotenoids 427
11.9 Polyterpenoids 432
11.10 Minor classes of terpenoids 432
11.11 Control and compartmentation of isoprenoid biosynthesis 433
References 434
12 Special Nitrogen Metabolism
Michael Wink
12.1 Introduction 439
12.2 Non-protein amino acids 440
12.3 Amines 443
12.4 Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates 453
12.5 Alkaloids 458
12.6 Auxins, cytokinins and ethylene 471
12.7 Nitrogen bases and cofactors 474
References 485
13 Biochemical Plant Pathology
Jonathan D. Walton
13.1 Introduction 487
13.2 Genetics of host/pathogen interactions 489
13.3 Mechanisms of pathogenicity: penetration and spread 491
13.4 Mechanisms of plant resistance 495
References -502
Further reading 502
14 Biochemical Plant Ecology
Jeffrey B. Harborne
14.1 Introduction -503
14.2 Plant responses to the environment «503
14.3 Plant response to herbivory: toxin production 506
14.4 Constitutive defense mechanisms -508
14.5 Induced phytochemical response to herbivory 512
14.6 Conclusion 51«5
References ^^^
Vlll CONTENTS
15 Plant Cell Biotechnology
M,D. Brownleader and P.M, Dey
15.1 Introduction >517
15.2 Plant cell culture ^18
15.3 Micropropagation 52,2
15.4 Commercial exploitation of plant biotechnology 524
15.5 Definitions 528
Further reading 529
Contributors
G. Avigad
Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, GIS Hoes Lane, Pistacataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
J.R. Bowyer
Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham,
Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
Peter M. Bramley
Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Hollovs^ay, University of London, Egham,
Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
M.D. Brownleader
Biochemistry Section, School of Applied Science, South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London
SEl OAA, UK
P.M. Dey
Division of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham
Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
J.A. Gatehouse
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DHl 3LE, UK
J.B. Harborne
Plant Science Laboratories, Department of Botany, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading
RG6 6AS, UK
John L. Harwood
Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff CFl 1ST, UK
Eric Lam
AgBiotech Center, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Pistcataway, NJ 08855-0759, USA
Peter J. Lea
Division of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LAI 4YQ, UK
R.C. Leegood
Robert Hill Institute and Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield
SIO 2UQ, UK
J.S. Grant Reid
Department of Biological and Molecular Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
D. Strack
Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 306120, Halle(Saale), Germany
Jonathan D. Walton
Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Michael Wink
Institut fur Pharmazeutische Biologic, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-6900, Heidelberg, Germany