Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants

732 Pages·2018·62.16 MB·English

by  Richard Francis Earl Crang

Richard Crang
Sheila Lyons-Sobaski
Robert Wise
Plant
Anatomy
A Concept-Based Approach
to the Structure of Seed Plants
Plant Anatomy
Richard Crang†
Sheila Lyons-Sobaski
Robert Wise
Plant Anatomy
A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure
of Seed Plants
Richard Crang† Sheila Lyons-Sobaski
Department of Plant Biology Biology Department
University of Illinois at Urbana- Champain Albion College
Urbana, IL Albion, MI
USA USA
Robert Wise
Biology Department
University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh
Oshkosh, WI
USA
†Deceased
ISBN 978-3-319-77208-0 ISBN 978-3-319-77315-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77315-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948823
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018
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Richard was a vital contributor to this project from its
infancy to its final production phase. We take some
comfort that he knew the book was essentially
complete prior to his passing. We greatly miss our
colleague and friend, and so we dedicate this book to
Richard who was a courageous and venturesome guy,
a brilliant scholar, an innovative teacher, and a kind,
thoughtful man.
SLS and RRW
Preface
The science of plant anatomy extends back made a substantial effort to update the
to the late seventeenth century and, by subject matter, reveal new ways in which
now, spans over 300 years and encom- aspects of plant anatomy play a key role in
passes hundreds of thousands of reports in a variety of related disciplines in plant
the scientific literature. The early plant biology, and present the topics in an
anatomy research was summarized in understandable and interesting manner to
1899 by Dr. Hans Solereder in his two vol- the student and instructor. Heavy reliance
ume work entitled Systematische Anatomie was made on original light and electron
der Dicotyledonen: Ein Handbuch für Lab- micrographs, and color has been used
oratorien der wissenschaftlichen und ange- extensively. Literature citations were kept
wandten Botanik. The 1908 English to a minimum because, in today’s elec-
translation by Boodle, Fritsch, and Scott tronically searchable world, a wealth of
remains as fresh, informative, and useful knowledge on any topic is a mere click or
today as when it was published over two away.
100 years ago. Several important texts were
published in the 1950s. The two-volume This effort was started over two decades
work of Metcalfe and Chalk, Anatomy of ago when a collaboration between Prof.
the Dicotyledons (1950) with second edi- Richard Crang of the University of Illinois
tions in 1979 (Volume 1) and 1983 (Vol- at Urbana-Champaign and Prof. Andrey
ume 2), is a thorough survey of anatomical Vassilyev of the Komarov Botanical Insti-
traits and features arranged by family. tute in St. Petersburg, Russia, identified the
Some of the taxonomy has been rear- need for novel approaches to the teaching
ranged, but the anatomical references of plant anatomy. This led to the develop-
remain accurate and valuable. The year ment that used modern educational tech-
1953 saw the publication of the first edi- nologies in a searchable, compact disk
tion of the classic Plant Anatomy by Kath- format that presented a traditional view
erine Esau. Encyclopedic in its coverage, regarding the anatomy of temperate seed
insightful in interpretation, and complete plants, their place in evolution, and taxo-
in its synthesis, “Esau” (as it has been nomic relations, with a novel approach in
referred to by several generations of bota- subject delivery. Although Prof. Vassilyev
nists) remains a go-to reference to this day. died in 2012, his significant contributions
A second edition was released in 1977 and to botany must not be overlooked. Edu-
Dr. Ray Evert authored the third, revised cated in dendrology, he devoted his life to
edition, published in 2006. Additionally, plant anatomy, specializing in plant secre-
the 1988 Plant Anatomy by Dr. James tory structures. Dr. Vassilyev worked at the
Mauseth and Dr. Avraham Fahn’s 1967 Komarov Botanical Institute and Garden
Plant Anatomy (4th edition in 1990) in St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad),
belong on every plant anatomist’s book Russia, and rose to the position of Lead
shelf as valuable references. Scientist at that institute. His contributions
in the field of plant anatomy, and to the
In 2018, plant anatomy continues to play beginnings of this project, must be noted.
key roles in studies of molecular plant
biology, forestry, plant pathology, plant It has been felt for some time that a new
physiology, horticulture, agronomy, and a and more extensive approach to the teach-
host of related botanical disciplines. There- ing of plant anatomy should be developed.
fore, the authors of this plant anatomy Such plans began in 2013 and grew to
resource – printed book and e-book – have include two established plant biologists
VII
Preface
with extensive backgrounds in plant anat- ground in microscopy applications as well
omy. Prof. Robert Wise of the University of as years of experience in teaching courses
Wisconsin at Oshkosh and Dr. Sheila and research in plant anatomy to this
Lyons-Sobaski from Albion College in effort.
Michigan each bring new ideas and
experiences to this effort in publishing. May the concepts of plant structure and
Prof. Wise integrates anatomy and elec- development help open our minds to a
tron microscopy with a full background in better understanding of the interrelation-
plant physiology, and Dr. Lyons-Sobaski ship of life in its various forms throughout
has added strength in ecology and evolu- the Earth and, perhaps, beyond. And may
tion with relevance to plant anatomy. Prof. this text help, in a limited way, to aid in
Emeritus Crang conveyed a lengthy back- that fuller understanding.
Richard Crang†
Urbana, IL, USA
Sheila Lyons-Sobaski
Albion, MI, USA
Robert Wise
Oshkosh, WI, USA
†Deceased
Acknowledgments
Support from the following persons has Dr. Brett Jestrow, Fairchild Tropical
been invaluable to the success of this Botanic Garden, Miami
project. With their help, the authors gained
access to literally thousands of prepared Mr. Tom Perzentka, University of Wiscon-
slides and specimens and were able to con- sin, Oshkosh, WI
struct a library of over 10,000 images that
Dr. Brian Piasecki, Lawrence University,
formed the basis of this book project. Their
Appleton, WI
assistance is greatly appreciated. We par-
ticularly wish to acknowledge and thank
Dr. George Rogers, Palm Beach State Col-
Eric Stannard, Senior Botany Editor,
lege, Palm Beach Gardens, FL
Springer for all his help and support in this
project.
Ms. JoAnn Stamm, Lawrence University,
Appleton, WI
Dr. Ranessa Cooper, Western Illinois Uni-
versity, Macomb, Illinois Dr. Qiang Sun, University of Wisconsin,
Stevens Point, WI
Dr. John D. Curtis, University of Wiscon-
sin, Stevens Point, WI This work was supported by grants from
the Hewlett-Mellon Fund for Faculty
Mr. John Hardy, University of Wisconsin, Development at Albion College, Albion,
Stevens Point, WI MI and the University of Wisconsin Osh-
kosh Faculty Development Program, Osh-
Dr. James Horn, University of Wisconsin, kosh, WI.
Green Bay, WI
Dr. Harry Horner, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa
IX
Contents
I Plants as Unique Organisms; History and
Tools of Plant Anatomy
1 T he Nature of Plants .................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Plants Have Multiple Pigments with Multiple Functions .................................................... 5
1.2 Plants Use Water, and the Properties of Water, in Unique Ways ....................................... 6
1.3 Plants Use Anabolic Metabolism to Manufacture Every Molecule
Needed for Growth and Produce Virtually No Waste ............................................................ 8
1.4 Cell Walls Are Nonliving Matrices Outside the Plant Cell Membrane that
House and/or Perform a Variety of Functions ......................................................................... 9
1.5 The Plant Life Cycle Alternates Between a Haploid Gametophyte
Stage and a Diploid Sporophyte Stage ...................................................................................... 10
1.6 Meristematic Activity Continues Throughout the Life of a Plant ..................................... 11
1.7 Fruits Disperse Seeds Through Space: Dormancy Disperses Seeds Through Time ... 13
1.8 Earth’s History Is Divided into Four Major Time Periods ..................................................... 15
1.8.1 The Precambrian: 4550 to 542 mya ................................................................................................ 15
1.8.2 The Paleozoic Era: 542 to 251 mya ................................................................................................. 16
1.8.3 The Mesozoic Era: 251–66 mya ........................................................................................................ 17
1.8.4 The Cenozoic Era: 66 mya to Present ............................................................................................. 17
1.9 Life on Earth Has Experienced Five Mass Extinctions: A Sixth Is in Progress .............. 17
1.10 Many Plants and Animals Have Coevolved ............................................................................... 18
1.11 The Plant Body Consists of Four Organs .................................................................................... 19
1.11.1 R oots ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
1.11.2 S tems ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.11.3 L eaves ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
1.11.4 F lowers and Fruit .................................................................................................................................. 21
1.12 Plant Organs Are Initially Made of Three Tissues ................................................................... 24
1.13 “Plant” Can Be Broadly Defined .................................................................................................... 25
1.14 Bryophytes Lack Vasculature and Produce Spores ................................................................ 27
1.15 Ferns and Fern Allies Are Seedless Tracheophytes ................................................................ 28
1.16 Gymnosperms Are Seed-Producing Tracheophytes that Lack Flowers and Fruit ...... 29
1.17 Monocots and Eudicots Are the Two Largest Groups of Angiosperms .......................... 31
1.18 Understanding Plant Structure Requires a Sense of Scale ................................................. 33
1.19 “Primary” and “Secondary” Are Important Concepts in Plant Anatomy ....................... 34
1.19.1 Primary Versus Secondary Growth and Meristems ................................................................... 34
1.19.2 Primary Versus Secondary Xylem and Phloem ........................................................................... 36
1.19.3 P rimary Versus Secondary Cell Walls ............................................................................................. 37
1.20 C hapter Review ................................................................................................................................... 38
References and Additional Readings .......................................................................................... 44
2 M icroscopy and Imaging .......................................................................................................... 45
2.1 Robert Hooke, 1635–1703, Described a Cell as the Basic Unit of Life by
Studying the Bark of the Cork Oak Tree, Quercus suber ........................................................ 47
2.2 Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, 1632–1723, Was the First Scientist to Observe
Microorganisms .................................................................................................................................. 48
2.3 Nehemiah Grew, 1641–1712, Was the Father of Plant Anatomy ...................................... 50
2.4 Robert Brown, 1773–1858, Discovered the Nucleus of the Cell by Studying
Orchid Petals ........................................................................................................................................ 51
X Contents
2.5 Katherine Esau, 1898–1997, Advanced the Field of Plant Anatomy
with Her Influential Textbooks ...................................................................................................... 52
2.6 Light Microscopy: The Most Useful Tool of the Plant Anatomist ...................................... 54
2.7 The Compound Light Microscope Uses Multiple Lenses to Form
and Capture Images .......................................................................................................................... 55
2.8 The Resolving Power of a Lens Places Limits on Resolution and Magnification ........ 56
2.9 The Confocal Microscope Allows for Sharper Detail, Computer Control,
and 3-D Imaging with a Modified Compound Microscope ............................................... 58
2.10 Electron Microscopy Allows a View into the World of Cellular Ultrastructure ............ 61
2.11 The Transmission Electron Microscope Reveals Internal Cellular Detail ....................... 63
2.12 The Scanning Electron Microscope Resolves Surface Detail ............................................. 66
2.13 Different Microscopies Produce Different Images of the Same Specimen ................... 68
2.14 C hapter Review ................................................................................................................................... 69
References and Additional Readings .......................................................................................... 74
II Cellular Plant Anatomy
3 P lant Cell Structure and Ultrastructure .......................................................................... 77
3.1 Plant Cells Are Complex Structures ............................................................................................. 79
3.2 Plant Cells Synthesize an External Wall and Contain a Variety of Internal
Compartments ..................................................................................................................................... 80
3.3 Cells and Cell Organelles Are Typically Bound by Lipid Bilayer Membranes ............... 81
3.4 Vacuoles Play a Role in Water and Ion Balance ....................................................................... 84
3.5 Plastids Are a Diverse Family of Anabolic Organelles .......................................................... 85
3.5.1 P roplastid ............................................................................................................................................... 86
3.5.2 E tioplast .................................................................................................................................................. 86
3.5.3 E laioplast ................................................................................................................................................ 87
3.5.4 A myloplast ............................................................................................................................................. 88
3.5.5 C hromoplast .......................................................................................................................................... 90
3.5.6 G erontoplast ......................................................................................................................................... 90
3.5.7 C hloroplast ............................................................................................................................................. 90
3.5.8 C hloroplast Functions ........................................................................................................................ 92
3.5.9 The Dimorphic Chloroplasts of C Photosynthesis ................................................................... 94
4
3.5.10 G uard Cell Chloroplasts ..................................................................................................................... 96
3.5.11 S un Versus Shade Chloroplasts ....................................................................................................... 96
3.6 All Plastids Are Developmentally Related ................................................................................. 99
3.7 Mitochondria Synthesize ATP and Small Carbon Skeletons .............................................. 100
3.8 Microbodies Are the Site of Specific Biochemical Pathways .............................................. 100
3.9 The Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesizes Proteins and Some Lipids .............................. 102
3.10 The Golgi Apparatus Processes and Packages Polysaccharides
and Proteins for Secretion............................................................................................................... 105
3.11 The Nucleus Houses the Cell’s Genetic Material and Participates
in Ribosome Synthesis ...................................................................................................................... 109
3.12 The Cytoskeleton Organizes the Cell and Helps Traffic Organelles ................................. 111
3.13 C hapter Review ................................................................................................................................... 116
References and Additional Readings .......................................................................................... 120
4 M itosis and Meristems ............................................................................................................... 123
4.1 The Plant Cell Cycle Includes Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis ................................ 125
4.2 A Pre-prophase Microtubule Band Precedes Mitosis and Defines
the Plane of Cell Division ................................................................................................................. 126