Plant Amino Acids

620 Pages·1998·100.2 MB·English

by  Bijay K. Singh

IN SOILS, PLANTS, AN
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 7, edited by A. D. McLaren and G. H. Peterson
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 2, edited by A. D. McLaren and J. Skuji6
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 3, edited by E. A. Paul and A. D. McLaren
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 4, edited by E. A. Paul and A. D. McLaren
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 5, edited by E. A. Paul and J. N. Ladd
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 6, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G. Stotzky
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 7 , edited by G. Stotzky and Jean-Marc Bollag
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 8, edited by Jean-Marc Bollag and G. Stotzky
Soil 5iochemistry, Volume 9, edited by G. Stotzky and Jean-Marc Bollag
OrganicC hemicals int heS oilE nvironment,V olumes 7 and 2, edited by C. A. I.
Goring and J. W. Hamaker
Humic Substances in the Environment, M. Schnitzer and S. U. Khan
Microbial Life in the Soil:A n Introduction, T. Hattori
Princ~leso f Soil Chemistry, Kim H. Tan
Soil Analysis: Instrumental Techniques and RelatedI Procedures, edited by Keith A.
Smith
Soil Reclamation Processes: Microbiological Analyses and Applications, edited by
Robert L. Tate Ill and Donald A. Klein
Symbiotic ~itrogen fixationT echnology, edited by Gerald H. Elkan
Soil- Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Shingo lwata and Toshio
Tabuchi with Benno P. Warkentin
Soil Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Second €dition, edited by Keith A.
Smith
Soil Analysis: Physical Methods, edited by Keith A. Smith and Chris E. Mullins
Growtha ndM ineral ~utrition of Field Crops, N. K. Fageria, V. C. Baligar, and
Charles Allan Jones
Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation, edited by J. Skujie
Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, edited by Yoav Waisel, Amram Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi
Plant ~iochemicaRl egulators, edited by Harold W. Gausman
Maximi~ingC rop Yields, N. K. Fageria
Transgenic Plants: Fundamentalsa nd Applications, edited by Andrew Hiatt
Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmen~taal nagement,
edited by F. Blaine Metting, Jr.
Princ~leso f Soil Chemistry: Second EditionK, im H. Tan
Water Flow in Soils,e dited by Tsuyoshi Miyazaki
hand boo^ of Plant and Crop Stress, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli
Genetic Improvement of field Cropse, dited by Gustavo A. Slafer
Agricultural Field Experiments: Design and AnalysisR,o ger G. Petersen
€nvironmental Soil Science, Kim H. Tan
Mechanismso f Plant Growtha ndI mprovedP roductivity:M odernA pproaches,
edited by Amarjit S. Basra
Selenium in the Environment, edited by W. T. Frankenberger, Jr., and Sally Benson
Plant-Environment Interactions, edited by Robert E. Wilkinson
Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, edited by Moharnrnad Pessarakli
Handbook of Phytoalexin Metab~lisma ndA ction, edited by M. Daniel and R.P .
Purkayastha
Soil- Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Second EditiRonev, ised and
Expanded, Shingo Iwata, Toshio Tabuchi, and Benno P. Warkentin
Stored-Grain Ecosystems, edited by Digvir S. Jayas, Noel D. G. White, and William
E. Muir
Agrochemicals from Natural Products,e dited by C. R. A. Godfrey
Seed Developme~at nd Germination, edited by Jaime Kigel and Gad Galili
Nitrogen Fertilization in the Environment,e dited by Peter Edward Bacon
Phytohormonesi n Soils:M icrobialP roductiona ndF unction, William T. Franken-
berger, Jr., and Muhammad Arshad
Handbook of Weed Management Systems,e dited by Albert E. Smith
Soil Sampling, Preparation, and Analysis, Kim H. Tan
Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, edited by Menachem Agassi
PlantR oots: The Hidden Half, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by
Yoav Waisel, Amrarn Eshel, and Uzi Kafkafi
Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source-Sink R~lationsh~esd, ited by
Eli Zamski and Arthur A. Schaffer
Mass Spectrometry of Soils, edited by Thomas W. Boutton and Shinichi Yamasaki
Handbook of Photosynthesis, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli
Chemical andI sotopic Groundwat~rH ydrology: The Applied Approach,S econd
Edition, Revised and Expanded, Emanuel Mazor
Fauna in Soil Ecosystems: Recycling Processes, Nutrient Fluxes, and Agricultural
Production, edited by Gero Benckiser
Soila ndP lantA nalysisi nS ustai#ableA griculture and Environment, edited by
Teresa Hood and J. Benton Jones, Jr.
Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage: B. B. Desai, P. M.
Kotecha, and D. K. Salunkhe
Modern Soil Microbiology, edited by J. D. van Elsas, J. T.T revors,a nd E. M. H.
Wellington
Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops: Second Edition, N. K. Fageria, V. C.
Baligar, and Charles Allan Jones
Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology andH ost Defense
Mechanisms, P. Vidhyasekaran
Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis, P. Narayanasamy
Agricultural Systems Modeling and Simulation, edited by Robert M. Peart and R.
Bruce Curry
Agricultural Biot~chnology,e dited by Arie Altman
Plant-Microbe Interactions and Biological Control, edited by Greg J. Boland and L.
David Kuykendall
Handbook of Soil Conditioners: Substances That Enhance the Physical Properties of
Soil, edited by Arthur Wallace and Richard E. Terry
Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, edited by William T. Frankenberger, Jr., and
Richard A. Engberg
Principles of Soil Chemistry: ThirdE dition, Revised and Expanded, Kim H. Tan
Sulfur in the €nvironment, edited by Douglas G. Maynard
Soil-MachineI nteractions:A F initeE lementP erspective, editedb y Jie Shen and
Radhey La1 Kushwaha
~ycotoxinsin Agriculture and Food Safety, edited by Kaushal K. Sinha and Deepak
Bhatnagar
Plant Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Biotechnology, edited by Bijay K. Singh
~dditio~aVol lumes in Preparation
andb book of Plant and Crop Stress: Second €dition, Revised and €xpanded, edited
by oha am mad Pessarakli
~andbo~ofk P est ~anagement,e dited by John R. Ruberson
andb book of ~unctionaPl lant Ecology, edited by Francisco I. Pugnaire and Fernando
Valladares
Plant Responses to€ nvironmental StressesF: romP hytohormones to Genome
Reorganization, edited by H. R. Lerner
IS
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~g~culturparlo duction has increased dramatically, in both quality and quantity, around
the world in the last fifty years. The use of modem herbicides to control weeds has
been one of the key contributing factors for the incremental improvement in agricultural
production. In recent years, several new classes of low-dose herbicides that inhibit bio-
synthesis of amino acids in plants have been developed. The commercial success of
these herbicides has stimulated research interesitn plant amino acid biosynthesis in both
academia and industry. In addition to the success stories of these herbicides, research
on amino acid biosynthesis has been driven by the financial opportunities available by
manipulation of the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis to improve plant defensks against
pathogens, and by improving the nutritional quality of plant pr~ucts-througha lteration
of their composition of amino acids andlor their derivatives.
The last book to cover amino acid biosynthesis comprehensively was published
almost two decadesa go (The ~iochemisotf~ P lants, Volume5 , ami^ Acids and Deriva-
tives, B. J. Miflin (ed.) Academic Press), Since then, major advances have been made,
However, the information is scattered in proceedings of different meetings or as reviews
in different publications. The present book provides an exhaustive coverage of various
aspects of amino acid biosynthesis in plants.
The first chapter describes how amino acids and their derivativfeist into the larger
scheme of nitrogen metabolismin plants. The remaining chapters are broadly separated tiwntoo
general parts. First, the genetics, enzymology, compartmentation, and regulation of the
biosynthesis of individual and familieosf amino acids are described. This part also covers
amino acid uptake and transport in plants. The second part discusses the practical aspects
of amino acid biosynthesis in plants. It examines herbicidal inhibitors of amino acid
biosynthesisa ndh erbicide-resistantc ropsa ndd etails howt oe nhancet he nu~tional
value of different plant products in relation to amino acids and their derivatives.
This book includes comprehensive and autho~tativere views from leading experts
in various areas of research and I am thankful for their time and effort. I believe that it
will be useful tou nder~raduatea nd graduate students, researchers ind ifferent disciplines,
and extension personnel.
n
Preface iii
Contributors vii
1 ~itro~en ~etabolinis m 1
Peter Juhn Lea aqd Robert J. I~eland
2 The Enzymes of G l u t ~ ~Gelu,t amate, Asparagine, and
49
Robert J. Ireland and Peter John Lea
3 Serine and Glycine tabolism in Higher Plants 111
Jac~ues ~ourguignuFna,b rice R~beilla~n,d ~olandD uuce
4 The ~ h ~ ~Paatht~eay 147
Jurg S~hmida nd ~ikolausA ~ ~ h e ~ ~
5 ynthesis of T r ~ t o ~ hTay~ro,s ine, and Ph~nyl~anine
171
Daniel L. Siehl
6 Lysine, Threon~e,a nd ethionine Biosynthes~ 205
enj jam in F. Ma~hews
7 Biosynthesis of Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine 227
Sijay K. Singh
8 ~e~ulatioonf P roline and A r ~ ~Biionsy~nt hesis in Plants 249
Desh Pal S. V e r a~nd Chun-sheng Zhang
9 thesis of Cyste~e 267
Saitu
10 293
Eric Ward and Daisaku Ohta
W
~ f e ~ ~ ~
in0 Acid Tr~s~ort 3
Daniel R. Bush
ole of Amino Acids in A~ioticS tress
avid Rhodes, Paul E. Verslues, and Ro
~ennethJ. Cruys and James A. Sikorski
aline, Leucine, an
Vernon A. ~ittenbacha nd Lynn M. Abell
7
Jane Dancer, Stephen Lindell, and Mark James Ford
John Lydon and Stephen 0. Duke
Dale I;. Shaner
g the ont tent of the Essential
7
Gad Galili and BrianA . Larkins
9
Samuel S.M. Sun
l~cos~o~ates 3
Roger M. ~allsgroveK, evin Doughty, and RichardN . enn nett
iQs~nthesiosf ~yano~eniGcl ycos
elated ~om~ounds 3
Birger Lindberg ~ ~ l laendr D avid S. Seigler
Su~~eIcntd ex 611
.
Agricultural Products, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Go., New-
ark, Delaware
.
Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Tech-
nology, Zurich, Switzerland
c. Bioche~satn~d Physiology Department, IAC
ted, H~endenH, e~fordshireE, ngland
.
DCpartement de BiologieM olCculaire et ~~cturale,
CEA-Grenoble, Grenoble, France
U.S.D.A.--A.R.S. and Department of Plant Biology, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Ch~paignU, rbana, Illinois
.
Department of Bioche~sA~g,rE vo UK, Ltd,, Saffron Walden,
Essex, England
.
Dep~ementd e Biologie Cellulaire et Mol~culaireU, niversitC
Joseph Fourier andD ~~artemendtee Biologie MolCculairee t Structurale, CEA-Grenoble,
Grenoble, France
ev .SFco. rsA cBChua, ynegr/ FuBngioizl oidgeie , Mo~eim,
Lever~sen-BayenwerG~e, rmany
U.S.D.A.-A.R.S. and University of Mississippi, University,
Mississi~~i
ProcessD evelopment,H oechstS cheringA grEvo Cmb
e
Frankfu~a m Main, Ge~any
.
Dep~tmenotf Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Reho-
vot, Israel