Plant Abiotic Stress

290 Pages·2005·1.94 MB·English

Plant Abiotic Stress
Edited by
MATTHEW A. JENKS
Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology
Purdue University
Indiana, USA
and
PAUL M. HASEGAWA
Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology
Purdue University
Indiana, USA

Plant Abiotic Stress
Biological Sciences Series
A series which provides an accessible source of information at research and professional
levelinchosensectorsofthebiologicalsciences.
SeriesEditor:
Professor J. A. Roberts, Plant Science Division, School of Biosciences, University of
Nottingham,UK.
Titlesintheseries:
BiologyofFarmedFish
EditedbyK.D.BlackandA.D.Pickering
StressPhysiologyinAnimals
EditedbyP.H.M.Balm
SeedTechnologyanditsBiologicalBasis
EditedbyM.BlackandJ.D.Bewley
LeafDevelopmentandCanopyGrowth
EditedbyB.MarshallandJ.A.Roberts
EnvironmentalImpactsofAquaculture
EditedbyK.D.Black
HerbicidesandtheirMechanismsofAction
EditedbyA.H.CobbandR.C.Kirkwood
ThePlantCellCycleanditsInterfaces
EditedbyD.Francis
MeristematicTissuesinPlantGrowthandDevelopment
EditedbyM.T.McManusandB.E.Veit
FruitQualityanditsBiologicalBasis
EditedbyM.Knee
PectinsandtheirManipulation
EditedbyG.B.SeymourandJ.P.Knox
WoodQualityanditsBiologicalBasis
EditedbyJ.R.BarnettandG.Jeronimidis
PlantMolecularBreeding
EditedbyH.J.Newbury
BiogeochemistryofMarineSystems
EditedbyK.D.BlackandG.Shimmield
ProgrammedCellDeathinPlants
EditedbyJ.Gray
WaterUseEfficiencyinPlantBiology
EditedbyM.A.Bacon
PlantLipids–Biology,UtilisationandManipulation
EditedbyD.J.Murphy
PlantNutritionalGenomics
EditedbyM.R.BroadleyandP.J.White
PlantAbioticStress
EditedbyM.A.JenksandP.M.Hasegawa
Plant Abiotic Stress
Edited by
MATTHEW A. JENKS
Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology
Purdue University
Indiana, USA
and
PAUL M. HASEGAWA
Center for Plant Environmental Stress Physiology
Purdue University
Indiana, USA
(cid:2)2005byBlackwellPublishingLtd
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Plantabioticstress/editedbyMatthewA.JenksandPaulM.Hasegawa.–1sted.
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ISBN-13:978-1-4051-2238-2(hardback:alk.paper)
1.Crops–Effectofstresson.2.Crops–Physiology.I.Jenks,MatthewA.II.Hasegawa,PaulM.
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Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xvi
1 Eco-physiological adaptations tolimitedwater environments 1
ANDREW J. WOOD
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Limited water environments 2
1.2.1 Arid and semiaridregionsof the world 2
1.2.2 Plantstrategies for water economy 4
1.2.3 Ability tosurvive inwater-limited environments 5
1.2.4 Survivingwater-deficit(drought) andsevere
water-deficit(desiccation) 6
1.3 Adaptationto limited water environments 7
1.3.1 Evolution of land plants 7
1.3.2 Tolerancetodesiccation 10
1.4 Refresher of the world – how to create more drought-tolerant
crops 10
2 Plant cuticlefunctionas a barrier towater loss 14
S. MARKGOODWIN and MATTHEW A. JENKS
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Cuticle structure andcomposition 14
2.3 Cuticle functionas a barrier toplant water loss 18
2.4 Genetics of cuticle permeability 24
2.5 Conclusions 31
3 Plant adaptiveresponses tosalinitystress 37
MIGUEL A.BOTELLA, ABELROSADO, RAY A.BRESSAN
and PAUL M. HASEGAWA
3.1 Saltstress effects on plantsurvival, growth and development 37
3.1.1 NaCl causes both ionic andosmoticstresses 38
3.1.2 Secondary effects ofsaltstress 38
vi CONTENTS
3.2 Plant genetic models for dissection ofsalt tolerance
mechanismsand determinantfunction 39
3.2.1 Arabidopsisthaliana asa model for glycophyte
responses to salt stress 40
3.2.2 Thellungiellahalophila (salt cress) – a halophyte
moleculargenetic model 40
3.3 Plant adaptationsto NaCl stress 41
3.3.1 Intracellularionhomeostatic processes 41
3.3.1.1 Naþ influx and efflux acrossthe plasma
membrane 42
þ (cid:2)
3.3.1.2 Na andCl compartmentalization intothe
vacuole 42
3.3.1.3 Kþ=Naþ selective accumulation 44
3.3.2 Regulation of Naþ homeostasisin rootsand shoots 44
3.3.3 Sensing and regulatory pathways that control ion
homeostasis 45
3.3.4 Osmotic homeostasis: compatible osmolytes 46
3.3.5 Damageresponse and antioxidant protection 46
3.4 Plant salt tolerance determinants identifiedby functional
genetic approaches 47
3.4.1 Effectorgenes 52
þ
3.4.1.1 Na homeostasis 52
3.4.1.2 Genes involved in osmotic homeostasis:
synthesis ofcompatible solutes 54
3.4.1.3 Genes involved in ROS scavenging 54
3.4.1.4 Genes involved in protectionofcell integrity 56
3.4.2 Regulatorygenes 56
3.4.2.1 Kinases 56
3.4.2.2 Transcriptionfactors 57
3.4.2.3 Other salt tolerance determinants 58
3.5 Global analysisof transcriptional activationof salt-responsive
genes 58
4 The CBF cold-responsepathway 71
SARAHFOWLER, DANIEL COOK and
MICHAEL F.THOMASHOW
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 ArabidopsisCBF cold-responsepathway 72
4.2.1 Discovery andoverview 72
4.2.2 CBFproteins 75
4.2.2.1 Generalproperties 75
4.2.2.2 Mechanism ofaction 76
CONTENTS vii
4.2.3 Function ofthe CBF cold-response pathway 78
4.2.3.1 Cryoprotective proteins 79
4.2.3.2 Regulatoryproteins 81
4.2.3.3 Biosynthetic proteins 82
4.2.4 Regulation of CBFgene expression inresponse
tolow temperature 83
4.2.4.1 DNA regulatoryelements controllingCBF
expression 84
4.2.4.2 Proteins with positiverolesinCBF
expression 84
4.2.4.3 Proteins with negative roles inCBFexpression 85
4.2.4.4 Other potential CBFregulatoryproteins 87
4.2.4.5 Light andcircadianrhythms 87
4.2.4.6 Role of calcium 88
4.2.4.7 Role of ABA 89
4.3 Conservationof the CBFcold-response pathway 89
4.3.1 Brassica napus 89
4.3.2 Tomato 90
4.3.3 Rice 92
4.4 Concludingremarks 93
5 Plant responsesto hightemperature 100
JANE LARKINDALE,MICHAEL MISHKINDand
ELIZABETH VIERLING
5.1 Introduction 100
5.2 Physiological responses tohightemperature 101
5.2.1 Hightemperature limits tooptimal plant performance 101
5.2.2 Heat sensitivity of photosynthesis 102
5.2.3 Heat sensitivity of reproduction 104
5.3 Cellular acquiredthermotolerance 104
5.4 Heat shock proteins/molecularchaperones 105
5.4.1 Hsp100/ClpB 106
5.4.2 Hsp90 110
5.4.3 Hsp70/DnaK 111
5.4.4 Hsp60/GroE 111
5.4.5 ThesHSP family ofproteins 112
5.5 Other components ofthe response toheat 114
5.5.1 Antioxidantproduction 115
5.5.2 Other heat-stressregulatedgenes 118
5.5.3 Other heat-protective responses 120
5.5.4 Mutants defective inheat tolerance 121
5.5.5 Transgenicplantswith alteredheat tolerance 122
viii CONTENTS
5.6 Signaling pathways involved in response toheat 125
5.6.1 Heat shock transcription factors 125
5.6.2 Other signaling pathways 126
5.6.3 Abscisic acid 126
5.6.4 Salicylic acid 127
5.6.5 Calcium 127
5.6.6 Active oxygen species 128
5.6.7 Ethylene 128
5.6.8 Signaling lipids 129
5.6.9 Kinases and phosphatases 129
5.7 Genetic variation in heat tolerance 131
5.7.1 Agricultural/horticultural plants 131
5.7.2 Natural variationinheattolerance 132
5.8 Summary 132
6 Adaptive responses inplantsto nonoptimal soilpH 145
V. RAMI´REZ-RODRI´GUEZ,J. LO´PEZ-BUCIOand
L. HERRERA-ESTRELLA
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Soil pH 146
6.3 Soil acidification 146
6.4 Acid soils 147
6.5 Calcareoussoils 148
6.6 Plantresponses to soilstress 149
6.7 Plantresponses to heavy metals 150
6.8 Aluminum tolerance by exclusion 150
6.9 Aluminum tolerance by internal accumulation 152
6.10 Metal hyperaccumulators 153
6.11 Plant responses to mineral deficiency 155
6.11.1 Phosphorusdeficiency 155
6.11.2 Improving P efficiencyin transgenic plants 156
6.11.3 Plantresponses toirondeficiency 158
6.12 Morphological responses to mineral deficiency 161
6.12.1 Effects ofironavailability on transfer cell formation 161
6.12.2 Effects ofnutrientavailability on root hairformation 162
6.12.3 Effects ofnutrientavailability on root branching 162
6.13 Functionalgenomics for the discovery ofgenes involvedin
mineral nutrition 163
6.14 Applicationoffunctionalgenomics toiron and phosphorus
nutrition 164