Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice PDF
Preview Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice
SIXTH EDITION PLANNING LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT For the Future Cabell and Cullen, grandsons of Nancey Green Leigh Cobi, granddaughter of Edward J. Blakely SAGE was founded in 1965 by Sara Miller McCune to support the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we publish over 900 journals, including those of more than 400 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara’s lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence. Los Angeles | London | New Delhi | Singapore | Washington DC | Melbourne SIXTH EDITION P L A N N I N G L O C A L E C O N O M I C D E V E L O P M E N T THEORY AND PRACTICE Nancey Green Leigh Georgia Institute of Technology Edward J. Blakely The University of Sydney FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc. SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be 2455 Teller Road reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 recording, or by any information storage and retrieval E-mail: [email protected] system, without permission in writing from the publisher. SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard Printed in the United States of America 55 City Road London, EC1Y 1SP Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data United Kingdom Names: Blakely, Edward J. (Edward James), 1938– author. | Leigh, Nancey Green, author. SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Title: Planning local economic development : theory Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 and practice / Nancey Green Leigh, Georgia Institute India of Technology, Edward J. Blakely, The University of Sydney. SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. Description: 6th edition. | Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE, 3 Church Street [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Identifiers: LCCN 2016028647 | ISBN 9781506363998 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Industrial promotion—United States. | Community development—United States. | Economic development. Classification: LCC HC110.I53 B56 2017 | DDC 338.973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc .gov/2016028647 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Carrie Brandon Developmental Editor: Elise Frasier Editorial Assistant: Duncan Marchbank Production Editor: Jane Haenel Copy Editor: Megan Markanich Typesetter: Hurix Systems Pvt. Ltd., Proofreader: Tricia Currie-Knight Indexer: Terri Morrissey Cover Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Jennifer Jones 16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents Preface xviii Overview xx 1. The Enduring Argument for Local Economic Development Planning 1 2. The Influence of National and State Policies on Local Economic Development 36 3. Concepts and Theory of Local Economic Development 85 4. The Local Economic Development Profession and Professionals 115 5. The Local Economic Development Planning Process 131 6. Introduction to Analytical Methods for Local Economic Development Planning 157 7. Local Economic Development Strategy 227 8. Locality Development 253 9. Business Development 283 10. Human Resource Development 332 11. Community Economic Development 368 12. Building the Implementation Plan 401 13. Institutional Approaches to Local Economic Development 439 14. Local Economic Development Planning’s Response to a Global Economy and Climate-Challenged Planet 455 Index 486 About the Authors 508 Detailed Contents Preface xviii Overview xx 1. The Enduring Argument for Local Economic Development Planning 1 Local Economic Development Planning in the Face of Globalization 1 The Influence of Outsourcing and Insourcing 5 Networks 6 The Geography of the New Economy 7 Economic DEvElopmEnts 1.1: thE nEw Economy 9 People and Places Left Out of the New Economy 11 Growing Income and Earnings Inequality 11 Growing Racial Inequality 12 Economic DEvElopmEnts 1.2: what is happEning to thE miDDlE class? 13 The Working Poor 15 The Decline in Good Jobs 17 The Rise of the Foreign-Born Population 20 Prison Populations 20 Economic DEvElopmEnts 1.3: FivE KEys chartEr school proviDEs EDucation accEss to prisonErs in caliFornia 22 Growing Spatial Inequality 23 Increasing Metropolitan Inequality 25 Increasing Rural Inequality 27 Shaping Global Warming: The U.S. Economic Engine 28 The Future of Local Economic Development Planning 30 References and Suggested Readings 32 2. The Influence of National and State Policies on Local Economic Development 36 Three Approaches to National Economic Policy 37 Monetary and Tax Policy 40 Trade Policy 42 Welfare to Workfare Policy 44 Health Care Policy 45 Employment Policy 47 National Policy Targeting Local Economic Development 48 Economic DEvElopmEnts 2.1: crisis anD rEsponsE: lasting EFFEcts oF thE grEat rEcEssion 55 Coordination of Local and National Development Efforts 56 State Economic Development Approaches 57 Phases of Economic Development 59 Challenges and Opportunities Inherent in Economic Development Policy Making 63 Conclusion 65 Economic DEvElopmEnts 2.2: natural DisastErs’ impacts on Economic DEvElopmEnt 66 Appendix 2.1: Economic Development Funding by Major Federal Agencies (in millions of dollars) 69 Notes 80 References and Suggested Readings 80 3. Concepts and Theory of Local Economic Development 85 Defining Local Economic Development 85 Theories of Growth and Development 88 Neoclassical Economic Theory 90 Economic Base Theory 91 Product Cycle Theory 92 Location Theories 94 Central Place Theory 97 Translating Theory Into Practice 98 Attraction Models 98 New Markets Model 100 Theories, Models, and Fads in Local Economic Development Planning 101 The Continued Evolution of Economic Development Theory Into Local Practice 103 Locality 104 Business and the Economic Base 105 Employment Resources 106 Community Resources 107 Conclusion 107 Appendix 3.1: Summary of Economic Development Theories 109 Notes 112 References and Suggested Readings 112 4. The Local Economic Development Profession and Professionals 115 The Role of the Economic Development Practitioner 119 The Community 122 The Organization 123 The Task Functions 124 The Clients 126 The Professional Roles 127 Economic Development Careers 128 Summary and Conclusion 128 References and Suggested Readings 129 5. The Local Economic Development Planning Process 131 Preliminary Tasks of Local Economic Development Planning 132 Identifying the Planners 132 Determining Geographic Scope 133 The Six Phases of Planning 133 Managing Planning Resources in the Community 135 Determining the Physical Environment 135 Facing the Regulatory Environment as a Planning Resource 137 Preparing the Attitudinal Environment 137 Selecting a Local Economic Development Role 138 Entrepreneur or Developer 139 Coordinator 140 Facilitator 141 Stimulator 141 Typology of Planning Approaches 142 Recruitment Planning (Preactive) 144 Impact Planning (Reactive) 144 Contingency Planning (Interactive) 145 Strategic Planning (Proactive) 147 Features of Local Economic Development Planning 149 Targeting Zones of Action 150 Building Community-Level Institutions for Development 150
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