Planning for tourism, leisure and sustainability: international case studies

357 Pages·2011·8.922 MB·English

by  Travis, A. S. (Eds.)

Planning for Tourism, Leisure and Sustainability
International Case Studies
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Planning for Tourism, Leisure
and Sustainability
International Case Studies
Anthony S. Travis
International Tourism Consultant
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
CABI CABI
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Website: www.cabi.org
© T. Travis 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically,
mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Travis, Anthony S.
Planning for tourism, leisure and sustainability : international case
studies/Anthony
S. Travis.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-742-3 (alk. paper)
1. Sustainable tourism–Case studies. I. Title.
G156.5.S87T73 2011
910.68’4--dc22
2011011312
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 742 3
Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert
Editorial assistants: Alexandra Lainsbury, Gwenan Spearing, Katherine Dalton
Production editor: Fiona Chippendale
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Contents
Dedication and Aims ix
Contributors xi
Tourism Foreword xiii
Jeff Hamblin
Heritage Foreword xv
Neil Cossons
Introduction xvii
PART I INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL SCALES
OF TOURISM AND LEISURE PLANNING 1
1 World and National Systems of Heritage Resource Classifi cation (RMP) 3
2 Planning for Tourism in a Post-industrial Society – a National Case Study
from the UK (RMP) 6
3 Planning for Economic Reconstruction and Change in a Post-war
Communist State: Case Study of Poland (RMP) 22
4 The Pilbara: a Sub-national Australian Study in 21st Century
Resource Development Planning 29
Jim and Wanda Kaucz
5 The Netherlands: a European Case Study of a Nation Planning
with an Over Abundance of Water 38
6 Israel: a Middle Eastern Case Study of Planning in a Mediterranean/Desert
Edge Location (RMP) 54
7 Denmark: a Scandinavian Case Study of Regional Conservation Planning
for Tourism and Recreation 1960–1980 (RMP) 64
v
vi Contents
8 Maldives’ Tourism Development: a Test Case in the Indian Ocean
for Conservation and Economic Development
in an Islamic State (RMP towards STP) 70
9 Sustainable Transport to Tourist Destination Countries 75
PART II REGIONAL TOURISM PLANNING AND NATURAL
RESOURCE PLANNING 81
10 Introduction to Mountain Region Planning for Conservation and Tourism 83
11 Introduction to the High Tatras and the Slovak High Tatras Case Study 88
12 The Polish Part of the High Tatras: the High Tatras and the Zakopane Areas 95
13 Subregional Resource Conservation Planning: the Firth of Clyde,
1970 – the First New European Strategy for Integrated Leisure
and Tourism Development 103
14 Upland Classical National Park Eco-model: the Plitvice Lakes National Park,
Croatia, 1990 112
15 Community-based Desert Ecotourism, Ancient Cities and Nomadic Cultures 116
Case Study 1: Petra, Wadi Rum and Aqaba, Jordan 118
Case Study 2: Tamanrasset and the Hoggar Mountains of the Sahara,
Southern Algeria 119
Case Study 3: Incense Trail of Nabbatean Cities in the Negev, Southern Israel 120
Case Study 4: Egyptian Ecotourism and Desert Tourism 120
16 Introduction to UK Upland Planning for Countryside Conservation,
Recreation and Tourism 122
Case Study 1: National Park Planning and Management 123
Case Study 2: The Upper Derwent Valley in the Peak District National Park 125
Case Study 3: The Tarka Project in Devon 127
17 Post-industrial Regional Tourism Planning: the South Wales
Valleys – Strategy for Development and Conservation in the 1980s 129
18 Nature and Culture: Developing a Rural Region’s Heritage Trails Through
Dolenjska and Bela Krajina in Slovenia 134
Marko Koscak and Anthony S. Travis
19 Host Cultures and Tourism: Is a Culture Sustainable? 141
20 Mid-Wales Festival of the Countryside: a Model of Events to Reinforce Rural
Culture and Life 150
Arwel Jones
21 Den Norske Turistforening – a Voluntary Sector Sustainable Programme
in Norway 154
Jan Vidar Haukeland
22 Cycling in the Netherlands – a Sustainable Move Forward
for a Whole Nation 157
Ton van Egmond
Contents vii
PART III COASTAL AND MARITIME PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 159
23 Adriatic Coastal Development Planning by Federal Yugoslavia
(Now Croatia), 1960–1980 161
24 Planning the Coastline: England and Wales 1960–1970 165
25 Mediterranean Action Plan and Blue Plan 169
26 Tourism Carrying Capacity Assessment in the Mediterranean 1980–2009 175
Ivica Trumbic
27 ‘Working with the Sea’: the 2008 Dutch National Response
to Global Warming and Sea Rise 181
PART IV HISTORIC CITIES AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING 187
28 Historic Cities as Sustainable Tourist Destinations 189
29 Edinburgh: Post-war Urban Planning and Conservation
in a World Heritage City 193
30 Urban Event Tourism: Edinburgh – the Festivals and Many ‘Tourisms’ 201
31 Salzburg: Management and Tourism in an Austro-Hungarian Festival City 206
32 Colonial Williamsburg: a Conserved and Renovated Settlement
as a Managed Cultural, Educational and Tourist Centre 212
33 The Sustainable Historic City Centre: Munich as a Model 219
34 Post-industrial Urban Centre Landscape Transformation:
Central Birmingham (UK) as a Test Case 1960–2010 223
35 Sustainable Transport in and at Tourist Destination Areas (TDAs) 229
PART V LOCAL AND SITE SCALE OF TOURISM AND LEISURE SERVICES
PLANNING 231
36 Heritage Conservation Planning, at the Site Scale: Management
and Interpretation 233
37 Historic Sites: Case Studies of Three Battlefi elds 236
Case Study 1: Gettysburg, Virginia, USA 236
Case Study 2: Culloden, Scotland, UK 237
Case Study 3: Waterloo, Belgium 239
38 Tivoli: a Unique Danish ‘Pleasure Ground’ and Theme Park 241
39 US Heritage Parks and High-capacity Theme Parks in Virginia 245
40 The New Museumology – Site Interpretation and Animation 249
41 Regional Park Systems, Identity and Outdoor Recreation
in Metropolitan Areas 253
Case Study: The Huron–Clinton Metropolitan Authority (HCMA), Detroit 255
42 Beaulieu, UK: Recycling an Historic Private Estate
as a Major Tourist Attraction 262
viii Contents
43 Integrated Community Building Complexes: Experimental Provisions
in the Netherlands and the UK 268
Case Study 1: The Pioneer Health Centre, Peckham, London (1935) 268
Case Study 2: The ‘Meerpaal’, Dronten in Flevoland (1967) 270
Case Study 3: ‘t Karregat in Eindhoven (1973) 271
Case Study 4: The ‘Agora’, Lelystad in Flevoland (1977) 272
PART VI ‘SLICING THE CAKE DIFFERENTLY’ – RESORTS, SPAS,
PILGRIMAGES AND CITY TOURISM 275
44 Introduction 277
45 Resorts are Not Forever 279
Case Study 1: The Scheveningen Story 284
Case Study 2: UK ‘Sea-Change Programme 2008’ 285
Case Study 3: Bournemouth – a Sustainable Resort? 285
46 Long-life Pilgrimage Tourism and its Destinations 287
47 Cities as Sustainable Tourism Destinations 292
Appendix Sources and Acknowledgements 298
Bibliography 303
Index 319
Dedication
This book has to have a twin dedication.
First, to my wife Philippa and to my three children, Abby, Theo and Sandy, without whose
support and understanding nothing would ever have been achieved.
Secondly, to my rich global village of work friends, made in over 50 years of work and
travel in Poland, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Wales, New Zealand, Scotland, the USA, Canada,
Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, England, Norway, Ireland, Hungary, China, Australia, Albania,
Austria, Estonia, the Maldives, Algeria, Israel, Jordan, Turkey, Italy, France, Switzerland,
Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Romania, Greece, Cyprus, Spain, Belgium and Bulgaria. The
shared learning has grown thanks to them.
Aims
In looking back over a span of 50 years’ worldwide experience as a tourism planner, my aims
in this book are not only to remind readers of how this new field has developed in its own
right, and of the creative planning responses to identified problems as opportunities, but also
to do it in a comparative way. I will do this by comparing:
· the integrated planning response to water threat and needs for leisure and tourism in a
crowded capitalist country like the Netherlands, with economic- and tourist-development
responses in a water-short immigrant nation with a mixed economy like Israel;
· the socialist planning for sport and social tourism of a post-war Poland, in dire economic
circumstances, with capitalist regional development in the 2000s in a huge, hot, dry, remote
region of North West Australia (which is twice the size of Poland!); and
· tourism planning and development of an island archipelago state in the Indian Ocean that
is barely above sea level (the Maldives), with hi-tech planning for global warming and sea
rise in a below sea-level state such as the Netherlands.
Whether the issues have been maritime and coastal tourism that are compared, or the chang-
ing urban or resort condition, or looking at scales of planning (ranging from the national and
regional, down to the local and site scales of application), the book fully employs this compara-
tive approach, for the benefit of the reader.
Tourism planning may be linked to or integrated in urban and regional planning, or tack-
led as a separate system of planning. On the national scale, tourism may be planned via
National Master Plans, Comprehensive Development Plans, as Facet Plans or Indicative Plans.
On the regional scale Tourism Strategies or Indicative Plans may be done, while below this
level subregional proposals may be for Tourist Destination Areas, or local plans, resort plans,
down to project and site development plans.
A primary purpose here is thus a comparative and evaluative one, approaching both current
and retrospective case studies, contrasting them so as to get important long-term lessons out of
specific and time-related situations. The book is targeted both at planners and at tourism plan-
ners, whether in training or in practice, as well as those who hold key interests in planning as
decision makers, advocates and stakeholders.
ix