planning armageddon Planning Armageddon British Economic Warfare and the First World War Nicholas A. Lambert harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, En gland • 2012 Copyright © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Lambert, Nicholas A., 1967– Planning Armageddon : British economic warfare and the First World War / Nicholas A. Lambert. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 06149- 1 (alk. paper) 1. World War, 1914– 1918—Economic aspects— Great Britain. 2. Sea power— Economic aspects— Great Britain. 3. Great Britain— Economic policy— 20th century. 4. Great Britain— Military policy. I. Title. HC260.D4L36 2011 940.3'1—dc22 2011006802 For K.K. with love. Contents Introduction 1 Th e Pre- War, 1901– 1914 1 Th e Emergence of Economic Warfare 19 2 Th e Envisioning of Economic Warfare 61 3 Th e Exposition of Economic Warfare 102 4 Th e Endorsement of Economic Warfare 138 Th e Short War, 1914– 1915 5 “Incidentally, Armageddon Begins” 185 6 Th e Problem with Americans 232 7 Admiralty Infi ghting 279 Th e Long War, 1915– 1916 8 Vigorous Indecision 325 9 A Management Problem 371 10 Th e Summer of Discontent 409 11 Th e End of the Beginning 451 Conclusions 497 viii Contents Abbreviations 507 Notes 509 Primary Sources 639 Ac know ledg ments 643 Index 645
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