Planaria: A Model for Drug Action and Abuse

151 Pages·2008·2.68 MB·English

by  Robert B. Raffa

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTELLIGENCE UNIT
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Molecular Biology
Intelligence
Unit
Planaria:
A Model for Drug Action and Abuse
Robert B. Raff a, PhD
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Temple University School of Pharmacy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Scott M. Rawls, PhD
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Temple University School of Pharmacy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Landes Bioscience
Austin, Texas
USA
Planaria:
A Model for Drug Action and Abuse
Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit
Landes Bioscience
Copyright ©2008 Landes Bioscience
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the USA.
Please address all inquiries to the publisher:
Landes Bioscience, 1002 West Avenue, Austin, Texas 78701, USA
Phone: [phone]; Fax: [phone]
www.landesbioscience.com
ISBN: 978-1-58706-332-9
While the authors, editors and publisher believe that drug selection and dosage and the specifi cations
and usage of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord with current recommend-
ations and practice at the time of publication, they make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect
to material described in this book. In view of the ongoing research, equipment development, changes
in governmental regulations and the rapid accumulation of information relating to the biomedical
sciences, the reader is urged to carefully review and evaluate the information provided herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Planaria : a model for drug action and abuse / [edited by] Robert B. Raff a, Scott M.
Rawls.
p. ; cm. -- (Molecular biology intelligence unit)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58706-332-9
1. Planaria--Eff ect of drugs on. 2. Planaria as laboratory animals. 3. Pharmacology,
Experimental. 4. Drug abuse--Research--Methodology. I. Raff a, Robert B. II. Rawls,
Scott M. III. Series: Molecular biology intelligence unit (Unnumbered)
[DNLM: 1. Planarians--drug eff ects. 2. Models, Animal. 3. Planarians--physiolo-
gy. 4. Substance-Related Disorders. QX 352 P699 2008]
RM301.25.P63 2008
615'.78--dc22
2008045513
Dedication
To our families and our mentors, with love and gratitude

About the Editors...
ROBERT RAFFA is Professor of Pharmacology and Chair of the Depart-
ment of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Temple University School of Pharmacy in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He has bachelor’s degrees in Chemical Engineering
and Physiological Psychology, master’s degrees in Biomedical Engineering
and Toxicology, and a doctorate in Pharmacology. He is the co-author or
editor of several books on pharmacology, has published over 200 articles in
refereed journals, and is active in editorial and professional society activities.
His laboratory conducts NIH-funded research on drug action and abuse using
the planarian model.
About the Editors...
SCOTT M. RAWLS is an Assistant Professor of Pharmacology in the
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Temple University School of
Pharmacy and Research Professor at the Center for Substance Abuse Research
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Rawls holds a bachelor’s of science degree
in Chemistry and doctorate in neuroscience.
He maintains an active research laboratory funded by the National Institutes
of Health (NIH) and the Pennsylvania Department of Health and has published
over 40 articles in peer-reviewed journals since 1998. Dr. Rawls is active in the
education of professional and graduate students. In the professional curricu-
lum, Dr. Rawls coordinates the Anatomy and Physiology course and teaches the
cardiovascular and renal sections in the Pharmacology course. He is the recipient
of several teaching awards, including the American Association of Colleges of
Pharmacy Teaching Award in 2006 and Biological Sciences Teaching Award at
Washington College in 2003. Dr. Rawls is also the co-author of a pharmacology
text, Netter's Illustrated Pharmacology.
CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................xi
1. Planaria: Short Introduction .........................................................................1
Robert B. Raff a
General Features ...........................................................................................................1
Reproduction .................................................................................................................2
Regeneration ..................................................................................................................3
2. Brain and Neural Networks ...........................................................................4
Kaneyasu Nishimura, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Yoshihisa Kitamura
and Kiyokazu Agata
Gross Structure of the Planarian CNS ....................................................................5
Domain Structure of the Planarian Brain ..............................................................5
Visualization of Neural Projections Using Fluorescent Dyes ............................7
Visualization of Neural Networks by Immunofl uorescence .............................7
3. Gene Expression in the Brain and Central Nervous System
in Planarians .................................................................................................13
Katsuhiko Mineta, Kazuho Ikeo and Takashi Gojobori
CNS of Planarians .....................................................................................................13
Planarian Homologs of Known Nervous System-Related Genes .................14
Planarian cDNA Microarrays and Regionalization of the CNS ....................15
4. Catecholamines in Planaria .........................................................................20
Antonio Carolei, Irene Ciancarelli and Giorgio Venturini
Catecholamines ..........................................................................................................21
Acetylcholine ..............................................................................................................21
Serotonin .....................................................................................................................22
Glutamate ....................................................................................................................22
Histochemistry Studies ............................................................................................22
5. Opioids in Planaria ......................................................................................24
Antonio Carolei, Marco Colasanti and Giorgio Venturini
Opioids .........................................................................................................................24
Th e Opioid System in Invertebrates ......................................................................25
Opioids in Planaria ...................................................................................................25
Opioid Receptor Subtypes in Planaria .................................................................26
Opioid Dependence in Planaria .............................................................................26
Cannabinoids and Opioids in Planaria ................................................................27
Endogenous Opioid Alkaloids in Flatworms .....................................................28
6. Nitric Oxide in Lower Invertebrates............................................................31
Marco Colasanti and Giorgio Venturini
Nitric Oxide in Porifera ...........................................................................................32
Nitric Oxide in Cnidaria .........................................................................................33
Nitric Oxide in Platyhelminthes ...........................................................................35
7. Second Messenger Systems in Planaria ........................................................40
Scott M. Rawls
Second Messenger Overview ..................................................................................40
Nitric Oxide ................................................................................................................41
Nitric Oxide and Planarians ...................................................................................42
cAMP and CREB .....................................................................................................45
cAMP in Planarians..................................................................................................48
8. Planaria as Model in Drug Abuse Research .................................................53
Robert B. Raff a
Neurochemical Pathways.........................................................................................53
Use Schedules .............................................................................................................55
Poly-Drug Abuse ........................................................................................................55
Planarians as Model ..................................................................................................55
Establishment of the Planarian Model .................................................................56
9. Physical Dependence and Withdrawal in Planarians .................................63
Robert B. Raff a
Opioids .........................................................................................................................64
Cocaine ........................................................................................................................67
Benzodiazepines ........................................................................................................68
Cannabinoid ...............................................................................................................71
Amphetamines ...........................................................................................................72
10. Drug Combinations and Isoboles ................................................................75
Ronald J. Tallarida
Drug Additivity and Isobolographic Analysis ...................................................75
Experiments with Drug Combinations ...............................................................78
Drug Combinations in Planaria ............................................................................79
11. Analysis of Behavior in the Planarian Model ..............................................83
Cindy L. Nicolas, Charles I. Abramson and Michael Levin
A Brief History of Learning Research in Planaria ............................................84
Learning .......................................................................................................................85
Where Are We Now? ................................................................................................87
Th e Future of Studies in Planarian Behavior ......................................................88
12. Th e Planarian Regeneration Model as a Context for the Study of Drug
Eff ects and Mechanisms ...............................................................................95
Néstor J. Oviedo and Michael Levin
Introduction to Planarian Regeneration .............................................................95
Regeneration as a Unique Context for the Study of Drug Eff ects
and Addiction ........................................................................................................96
Evolutionary, Pharmacological and Behavioral Studies in Planarians .........99
Modern Planarian Research—Th e Molecular Age ...........................................99
Appendix ....................................................................................................105
Index ...........................................................................................................135
EDITORS
Robert B. Raff a
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Temple University School of Pharmacy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Email: robert.raff [email protected]
Chapters 1, 8, 9
Scott M. Rawls
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Temple University School of Pharmacy
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 7
CONTRIBUTORS
Note: Email addresses are provided for the corresponding authors of each chapter.
Charles I. Abramson Marco Colasanti
Department of Psychology Dipartimento di Biologia
Oklahoma State University Università di Roma Tre
Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA Viale Marconi
Chapter 11 Roma, Italy
Email: [email protected]
Kiyokazu Agata Chapters 5, 6
Department of Biophysics
Graduate School of Science Takashi Gojobori
Kyoto University Center for Information Biology and DNA
Kitashirakawa-Oiwake Databank for Japan
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan National Institute of Genetics
Email: [email protected] Yata, Mishima
Chapter 2 Shizuoka, Japan
Email: [email protected]
Antonio Carolei Chapter 3
Department of Neurology
University of L’Aquila Kazuho Ikeo
L’Aquila, Italy Center for Information Biology and DNA
Chapters 4, 5 Databank for Japan
National Institute of Genetics
Irene Ciancarelli Yata, Mishima
Department of Neurology Shizuoka, Japan
University of L’Aquila Chapter 3
L’Aquila, Italy
Chapter 4