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Pioneers East: The Early American Experience in the Middle East PDF

355 Pages·1967·6.383 MB·English
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Pioneers East H ARV ARD MIDDLE EA STER N STUDIES 13 Pioneers East The Early American Experience in the Middle East By DAVID H. F1NNIE H ARVARD U N IVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967 © Copyright 1967 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Distributed in Great Britain by Oxford University Press, London Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-20875 Printed in the United States of America In Loving Memory of ISABELLA H O LT FIN N IE (1892-1962) In pursuing over a number of years an academic and profes­ sional interest in American relations with the Middle East, I kept coming across occasional vague references to early points of contact which I had not expected. In due course I found the opportunity to look into the subject in detail, and this book is the result. Granting the importance of missionary activity, it turned out that there were many other fields of interest and ac­ tivity which deserve more attention than they have received. In particular the role of Americans in Ottoman naval affairs in the i83o’s (Chapter 3) has been a revelation to me, and I believe it will be to others as well. Many people have helped and encouraged my research and writing. Debts to Middle Eastern scholars and various amiable volunteers are acknowledged later in the context of the assistance they provided, but it is appropriate to mention here that Elliott Nixon and Janet Finnie have been particularly helpful in many ways. For voluntary secretarial service beyond the call of duty I am grateful to Betty Barratt, Helen Cullen, Betty Hicks, and Jane Kendrigan. Special thanks are due to a young lady who has gladly met my requirements for staples and Scotch tape. Above all I have depended on the advice, encouragement, and patient viii Preface understanding of my wife, for whom the production of a book on family time over five years has been an undertaking fully and most cheerfully shared. D. H. F. New Canaan, Connecticut July, 1966 Contents 1. INTRO D UCTIO N i 2. SM YRNA 20 3. CO NSTANTINO PLE: TH E T R EA T Y OF 1830 AND TH E TURKISH N A V Y 45 4. DAVID PO R TER S CO NSTANTINO PLE 82 7. MISSIONS in 6. EG Y PT 137 7. PALESTIN E AND SYRIA 167 8. PIONEERS OF PERSIA AND MESOPOTAMIA 203 9. EA ST OF SU EZ 242 to. TH E OFFICIAL AM ERICAN PRESENCE 250 u . PIONEERS IN RETRO SPECT 271 Appendix I. Charles Rhind’s Separate and Secret Article 279 Appendix II. Americans in Egypt, 1832 to 1842 281 Appendix III. Contemporary Accounts 287 Sources 295 Notes 299 Index 323 x Contents ILLU STRATIO N S (Following page 18) John Lloyd Stephens. From an early engraving. Henry Eckford. Harpers Magazine, July 1882, p. 224. Jonas King. Isaac Bird, Bible Work in Bible Lands (Philadelphia, 1872), p. 87. Pliny Fisk. Alvan Bond, Memoir of Pliny Fisk (Edinburgh, 1828), frontis­ piece. Dancing-girls. William Thomson, The Land and the Book (New York, i860), n, 345- John Lowell, Jr. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harriet Livermore. Rebecca Davis, Gleanings from Merrimac Valley (Portland, 1881), frontispiece. Sarah Smith. Edward W. Hooker, Memoir of Mrs. Sarah L. Smith (Boston, 1840), frontispiece. William Goodell. William Goodell, The Old and the New (New York, 1853), frontispiece. LyncUs expedition. William Francis Lynch, Narrative of the United States Expedi­ tion to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea, 9th ed. (Philadelphia, 1856), facing p. 146.

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