Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker

300 Pages·1973·12.694 MB·English

by  W. B. Turrill D.Sc, F.L.S. (auth.)

PREVIOUSLY PUBL/SHED VOLUMES
of
LOTSYA - A BIOLOGICAL MISCELLANY
1. A. E. Murneek, et al.: VERNALIZATION AND PHOTOPERIODISM
2. R. L. Knight: DrcTIONARY OF GENETICS
3. T. Wal/ace, et al. : TRACE ELEMENTS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
In press;
5. R.E.Schultes,etai.:REcENTADVANCESINAMERICANETHNOBOTANY
LOTSY A - A BIOLOGICAL MISCELLANY
Edited by Frans Verdoorn - Vo/ume 4
PIONEER
PLANT GEOGRAPHY
To all of my
Colleagues at Kew
Plate 1. - J. D. HooKER at the age of 32. C:opy of a print in the portrait collection
at Kew. From a sketch by WILLIAM TAYLER, 1849
PIONEER
PLANT GEOGRAPHY
The Phytogeographical Researches oj
Sir joseph Dalton Hooker
by W. B. TURRILL D.Sc., F.L.S.
Royal Bolanie Gardens, Kew, Surrey
•
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
1953
Copyright 1953 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands in 1953
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 5th edition 1953
American Distributors:
THE CHRONrcA BoTANICA Co.,
WALTHAM, 54, MAss., U.S.A.
CoNTRIBUTroNs FROM THE lNT. BroHISTORICAL CoMMrssroN, No. 1
ISBN 978-94-017-6697-5 ISBN 978-94-017-6758-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-6758-3
PREFACE
When Dr. F. VERDOORN ftrst asked me to write forpublication an account
ofS ir J OSEPH DALTON HooKER as phytogeographer, with such extracts from
his work as would fair!J illustrate his great contribution to this branch of
botany, it was impossible to comp!J. World War II was at its height and I was
awqy from Kew engaged in other work, in which, however, as chance would have
it, the distribution ofp lant life plqyed a prominent part. Dr. VERDOORN was
patient and neither he nor I abandoned the idea of bringing together in one
volume the cream of J. D. HooKER's investigations in plant geography. It is
only right that I should thank Dr. VERDOORN for the initial idea and his
stimulus, and for arrangingfor publication of the result.
Dijficulties of presentation have had to be met, as explained in the ftrst
chapter. Fair!J to indicate HooKER's work in this fteld and his standpoint, at
a given date, on controversial questions necessitated extensive, yet judicious!J
selected, quotations from his writings. It is hoped that, on the whole, the selection
will meet with approval though it is realized that some subjective element in the
choice is unavoidable. Stillmore dijficult was the attempt to appraise HooKER's
methods and results from the modern standpoint. In many, geographical!J
wide!J separated regions of the world, he blazed the trail. Others followed with
the advantages of his experience and results to guide them and often with better
equipment. More or less of a century has passed since the vqyage of the 'Erebus',
'Terror', the journey to the Himalqya, and the trip to Morocco. Botanists of
many nationalities have written on the plant life of these and other areas in
books and papers scattered in hundreds of volumes. No doubt many of these
have been over-looked and considerations of space have prevented some that were
consulted from being quoted. Perhaps enough comments on post-Hookerian
researches have been given to form an accurate general account of the present
position and su.f!icient references to enable the enthusiast or specialist to trace
details reasonab!J quick!J.
Such then are the general purposes of this book: to lqy concise!J before the
J.
reader the major contributions of D. HooKER to the study of plantdistri
bution and to evaluate these contributions from the subsequent work of many
botanists.
To the present writer there is some feefing attached to the fact that this work
has been written in hisprivate study at home. Sir JosEPH DALTON HooKER
lived in this house in the decade, 1855-65, when he was Assistant Director of
The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
w.
B. TURRILL,
Herbarium House,
Kew, Surrey.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introducclon
J. D. HOCKER, SOME BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS 1
MAIN PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL PUBLICATIONS OF J. D. HOCKER • 3
PRINCIPAL TEXTBOCKS ON PLANT GEOGRAPHY • 5
Chapter 11: The Distribution of Arctic Plants
THE ARCTIC FLORA AS A WHOLE 6
ECOLOGICAL FACTCRS 7
ARCTIC FLOWERING PLANTS IN V ARIOUS REGIONS OF THE GLOBE 8
PHANEROGAMIC FLORA OF GREENLAND 10
TABULAR VIEW OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ARCTIC PLANTS 10
MODERN RESEARCHES AND HOOKER'S VIEWS 12
Chapter 111: Syria and Palestine
THE CEDARS OF LEBANON 16
OAKS OF PALESTINE 18
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE 18
RECENT WORK ON THE PLANT GEOGRAPHY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE 20
Chapter IV: India
EXTRACTS FROM DIARY 22
HIMALAYAN JOURNALS • 29
FLORA INDICA 47
THE BASTERN HIMALAYAN PROVINCE 60
THE WESTERN HIMALAYAN PROVINCE 62
THE INDUS-PLAIN PROVINCE 63
THE GANGETIC PLAIN PROVINCE 64
MALABAR PROVINCE • 65
THE DECCAN PROVINCE 65
66
THE CEYLON PROVINCE
THE BURMESE PROVINCE 67
THE MALAYAN PENINSULA PROVINCE 68
MORE RECENT INVESTIGATIONS 68
Chapter V: Mrica
MOROCCO 79
CANARY FLORA 84
CONTENTS IX
TROPICAL AFRICA , 91
FERNANDO PO 91
CAMEROONS MOUNTAINS AND ISLANDS IN THE BIGHT OF BENIN 93
KILIMANJARO 95
MOUNTAINS OF EASTERN EQUATORIAL AFRICA 98
COMPARISON WITH MODERN RESEARCHES . 101
Chapter VI: North America
ROCKY MOUNTAINS 105
UNITED STATES FLORA 106
DISTRIBUTION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA 107
VIEWS OF ASA GRAY 111
VEGETATION OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 112
ORIGIN OF THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA. 117
MODERN INVESTIGATIONS 119
Chapter VII: The Galapagos Islands
THE VEGETATION OF THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO 121
THE FLORA OF THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO 122
ORIGIN OF THE FLORA 125
FLORISTIC RANGES IN THE ISLANDS 127
MODERN RESEARCHES 129
Chapter VIII: Antarctica
'ANTARCTIC VOYAGE' AND 'FLORA ANTARCTICA' 134
CAMPBELL ISLAND AND COCKBURN ISLAND 134
THE BOTANY OF THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF EREBUS AND TERROR 139
FLORA ANTARCTICA 140
LORD AUCKLAND GROUP 140
TIERRA DEL FUEGO 141
FALKLAND ISLANDS • 141
TRISTAN D'ACUNHA • 143
FLORA NOVAE-ZELANDIAE 143
SPECIES PROBLEMS 144
NEW ZEALAND FLORA 147
PARALLELISM IN DISTRIBUTION 155
MODERN INVESTIGATIONS • 156
FLORA TASMANIAE • 159
VARIATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM 160
PROGRESSION 168
GENETIC RESEMBLANCE 169
FLORA OF AUSTRALIA 171
FLORA OF TASMANIA 177
FLORISTIC RESEMBLANCES BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 179