Pilot mental health assessment and support : a practitioner's guide PDF
Preview Pilot mental health assessment and support : a practitioner's guide
Pilot Mental Health Assessment and Support The presentation of mental illness at work has different implications and consequences depending on the specific nature of the job, work context, regulatory framework and risks for the employee, organisation and society. Naturally there are certain occupational groups where human factors and/or mental illness could impair safety and mental acuity, and with potentially devastating consequences. For pilots, the medical criteria for crew licensing are stipulated by regulatory aviation authorities worldwide, and these include specific mental illness exclusions. The challenge of assessment for mental health problems is, however, complex and the responsibility for psychological screening and testing falls to a range of different specialists and groups including AMEs (authorised aviation medical examiners), GPs and physicians, airline human resources departments, psychologists, human factor specialists and pilots themselves. Extending and developing the ideas of Aviation Mental Health (2006), which described a range of psychological issues and problems that may affect pilots and the consequences of these, this book presents an authoritative, comprehensive and practical guide to modern, evidence-based practice in the field of mental health assessment, treatment and care. It features contributions from experts in the field drawn from several countries, professions and representing a range of aviation-related organisations, displaying a range of different skills and methods that can be used for the clinical assessment of pilots and in relation to specific mental health problems and syndromes. Robert Bor, DPhil CPsychol CSci FBPsS FRAeS UKCP Reg, is a Registered and Chartered Clinical Counselling and Health Psychologist, Registered Aviation Psychologist and Co-Director of the Centre for Aviation Psychology. Carina Eriksen, MSc DipPsych CPsychol FBPsS BABCP, is an HCPC Registered and BPS Chartered Consultant Counselling Psychologist and Registered Aviation Psychologist. Margaret Oakes, MA (Cantab) MSc, Dip Psych, DPsych, CPsychol, is a Counselling Psychologist and airline pilot. Peter Scragg, BSc PsychD FBPsS, is a Consultant Clinical Psychologist and Principal Teaching Fellow at University College London. (cid:84)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:115)(cid:32)(cid:112)(cid:97)(cid:103)(cid:101)(cid:32)(cid:105)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:101)(cid:110)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:111)(cid:110)(cid:97)(cid:108)(cid:108)(cid:121)(cid:32)(cid:108)(cid:101)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:32)(cid:98)(cid:97)(cid:110)(cid:107) Pilot Mental Health Assessment and Support A practitioner’s guide Edited by Robert Bor, Carina Eriksen, Margaret Oakes and Peter Scragg First edition published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Robert Bor, Carina Eriksen, Margaret Oakes and Peter Scragg; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Robert Bor, Carina Eriksen, Margaret Oakes and Peter Scragg to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Bor, Robert, editor. Title: Pilot mental health assessment and support : a practitioner’s guide / [edited by] Robert Bor, Carina Eriksen, Margaret Oakes and Peter Scragg. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016030855| ISBN 9781138222038 (hardback) | ISBN 9781315401942 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Air pilots--Mental health. | Air pilots--Mental health services. | Aviation psychology. Classification: LCC RC1085 .P45 2017 | DDC 155.9/65--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016030855 ISBN: 978-1-138-22203-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-40194-2 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by HWA Text and Data Management, London Contents List of figures viii List of tables x List of contributors xi Foreword xxiv 1 Pilot mental health in the modern era: headlines and reality 1 ROBERT BOR, CARINA ERIKSEN, MARGARET OAKES AND PETER SCRAGG PART I Pilot selection assessments 21 2 Pilot selection: an overview of aptitude and ability assessment 23 MONICA MARTINUSSEN 3 The role of assessment in pilot selection 40 CARL HOFFMANN AND ARIANNA HOFFMANN 4 Personality assessment of airline pilot applicants 62 JAMES N. BUTCHER PART II Pilot clinical assessments 79 5 Between the joystick and the seat: getting inside pilots’ minds using clinical interviewing 81 PAUL DICKENS 6 The practicalities of clinical history-taking and mental state assessments of pilots 97 ROBERT BOR, CARINA ERIKSEN, PETER SCRAGG AND MARGARET OAKES vi Contents 7 Assessing cognitive function in airline pilots: the importance of neuropsychological assessment 116 SARAH MACKENZIE ROSS 8 Assessment of personality 131 PAUL HARRIS 9 The role and scope of psychological testing in risk reduction 150 POOSHAN NAVATHE AND SHRUTI NAVATHE 10 Assessment for fatigue among pilots 172 RIES SIMONS 11 Assessment following incidents, accidents and trauma 203 MORTEN KJELLESVIG 12 The practicalities of fitting mental health screening into the time-limited annual medical check and the problems of confidentiality 208 MARTIN HUDSON AND KEVIN HERBERT PART III Mental health, well-being and support for pilots 227 13 The use of psychotropic medications and fitness to fly 229 RUI CORREIA 14 Human factors and factor of the human: pilot performance and pilot mental health 245 NICKLAS DAHLSTROM 15 Promoting mental health and well-being in aviation 259 BEN CAMPION 16 Stigma associated with mental illness among aircrew 272 TODD HUBBARD 17 Psychosocial stressors associated with being a pilot 286 CRISTINA ALBUQUERQUE AND MARIA FONSECA Contents vii 18 Promoting good psychological health amongst pilots: coping strategies for identifying and managing stress to reduce the risk of mental health problems and improve performance at work 309 CARINA ERIKSEN AND ROBERT BOR 19 Behavioural dynamics on the flight deck and implications for mental health 325 MARTIN CASEY AND BENJAMIN LAWLER 20 Peer-to-peer support and development programmes for pilots: time for a holistic approach 344 GERHARD FAHNENBRUCK AND GUNNAR STEINHARDT 21 Peer support programme for pilots 367 SEAN GIBBS 22 Pilots’ emotions in the cockpit 382 VERGARD NERGÅRD AND BENGT SVENDSEN Index 398 Figures 1.1 Example pilot schedules 3 2.1 Selection system 24 2.2 Evidence-based practice 31 4.1 Validity scale profile in the initial administration of the MMPI-2 to Edwin S. 73 4.2 Validity scale profile in the readministration of the MMPI-2 to Edwin S. 74 4.3 MMPI-2 clinical and supplementary scale profile for Edwin S. 75 6.1 Pilot interactions 99 9.1 Decision-making framework of when to test for a condition 166 10.1 Means and 95% confidence intervals of mean scores on the seven-point SP Fatigue Scale 183 10.2 In-flight recording of electro-encephalogram and electro-oculogram 186 10.3 Wrist-worn actigraph for ambulant sleep monitoring 187 12.1 Time allocation during a typical medical examination 216 12.2 The component parts of a thorough pilot medical interview 219 19.1 Building the relationship 327 19.2 Transfer to aircraft 328 19.3 Aircraft preparation 329 19.4 Initial flight 331 19.5 Cruise 333 19.6 Descent and landing 334 19.7 Post flight 335 20.1 Stiftung Mayday 345 20.2 Number of incidents 346 20.3 2015 at Stiftung Mayday (2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010) 347 20.4 Intervention process 348 20.5 The Stiftung Mayday team in 2016 350 20.6 The international network 350 20.7 Simplified cost structure 351 20.8 Dr. Otto Schily hands over as patron to Dr. Thomas Enders 351 20.9 Generic approach for pilot support – a development programme 356 List of figures ix 20.10 Summary of strengths for pilot support and development programmes 363 20.11 Summary of weaknesses for pilot support and development programmes 364 20.12 Summary of opportunities for pilot support and development programmes 365 20.13 Summary of threats for pilot support and development programmes 365
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