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PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES- PRACTICE AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES- PRACTICE AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi Piezoelectric Materials and Devices- Practice and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/45936 Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi Contributors Toshio Ogawa, Vahid Mohammadi, Saeideh Mohammadi, Fereshteh Barghi, Saeed Assarzadeh, Sebastien Grondel, Christophe Delebarre, Andrzej Buchacz, Andrzej Wróbel, Sonia Djili, Farouk Benmeddour, Emmanuel Moulin, Jamal Assaad, Farzad Ebrahimi Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Danijela Duric Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Piezoelectric Materials and Devices- Practice and Applications, Edited by Farzad Ebrahimi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1045-3 Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Piezoelectric Actuators for Functionally Graded Plates- Nonlinear Vibration Analysis 1 Farzad Ebrahimi Chapter 2 Acoustic Wave Velocity Measurement on Piezoelectric Ceramics 35 Toshio Ogawa Chapter 3 The Application of Piezoelectric Materials in Machining Processes 57 Saeed Assarzadeh and Majid Ghoreishi Chapter 4 Application of the Piezoelectricity in an Active and Passive Health Monitoring System 69 Sébastien Grondel and Christophe Delebarre Chapter 5 Generation of a Selected Lamb Mode by Piezoceramic Transducers: Application to Nondestructive Testing of Aeronautical Structures 93 Farouk Benmeddour, Emmanuel Moulin, Jamal Assaad and Sonia Djili Chapter 6 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor Based on Enhanced Thin-Film PZT Diaphragm Containing Nanocrystalline Powders 113 Vahid Mohammadi, Saeideh Mohammadi and Fereshteh Barghi Chapter 7 Design and Application of Piezoelectric Stacks in Level Sensors 139 Andrzej Buchacz and Andrzej Wróbel Preface Piezoelectricity from the Greek word "piezo" means pressure electricity. Certain crystalline substances generate electric charges under mechanical stress and conversely experience a mechanical strain in the presence of an electric field. The piezoelectric effect was discovered in some naturally occurring materials in the 1880s. However it was not until the Second World War that man-made polycrystalline ceramic ma‐ terials were produced that also showed piezoelectric properties. Quartz and other natural crystals found application in microphones, accelerometers and ultrasonic transducers, whilst the advent of the man-made piezoelectric materials widened the field of applications to include sonar, hydrophones, and piezo-ignition systems. Piezoelectric materials are widely used to make various devices including transducers for converting electrical energy to mechanical energy or vice-versa, sensors, actuators, and reso‐ nators and filters for telecommunication, control and time-keeping. Piezoelectric materials also act an important role in healthcare applications such as echographic images, new imag‐ ing techniques, and use in ultrasonic surgery, miniature sensors and hearing aids and in the transportation industry such as sensor performance devices, actuators, air bag sensors, mi‐ cro-pumps and micro-motors. Since its discovery, the piezoelectricity effect has found many useful applications, such as the production and detection of sound, generation of high voltages and frequency, microba‐ lances, and ultra fine focusing of optical assemblies. It is also the basis of a number of scien‐ tific instrumental techniques with atomic resolution, the scanning probe microscopies such as STM, AFM, MTA, SNOM, etc., and everyday uses such as acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters and push-start propane barbecues. Piezoelectric devices are a very reliable and inexpensive means of converting electrical ener‐ gy into physical motion and exhibit a high tolerance to environmental factors such as elec‐ tromagnetic fields and humidity. Today, piezoelectric applications include smart materials for vibration control, aerospace and astronautical applications of flexible surfaces and structures and novel applications for vibration reduction in sports equipment. Piezoelectric devices are integral components of common devices such as printers, stereos, electric guitars and gas igniting lighters used by millions on a daily basis. The piezoelectric ceramic transducers have also found many im‐ portant applications in adaptive structures for vibration control and acoustic noise suppres‐ sion in modern space, civilian and military systems, such as launch vehicles, space platforms, aircraft, submarines and helicopters. VIII Preface This book reports on the state of the art research and development findings on important issues at the field of piezoelectric materials and devices-practice and application such as piezoelectric stacks in level sensors, pressure sensors and actuators for functionally graded plates. It also presents related themes in the field of application of piezoelectric devices in active and passive health monitoring systems, machining processes, nondestructive testing of aeronautical structures and acoustic wave velocity measurement. The text is addressed not only to researchers, but also to professional engineers, students and other experts in a variety of disciplines, both academic and industrial seeking to gain a better understanding of what has been done in the field recently, and what kind of open problems are in this area. I hope that readers will find the book useful and inspiring by examining the recent develop‐ ments in piezoelectric materials and devices . Dr. Farzad Ebrahimi Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, International University of Imam Khomeini Qazvin, I. R. IRAN Chapter 1 Piezoelectric Actuators for Functionally Graded Plates- Nonlinear Vibration Analysis Farzad Ebrahimi Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52407 1. Introduction Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a new generation of composite materials wherein the material properties vary continuously to yield a predetermined composition profile. These materials have been introduced to benefit from the ideal performance of its constitu‐ ents, e.g., high heat/corrosion resistance of ceramics on one side, and large mechanical strength and toughness of metals on the other side. FGMs have no interfaces and are hence advantageous over conventional laminated composites. FGMs also permit tailoring of mate‐ rial composition to optimize a desired characteristic such as minimizing the maximum de‐ flection for a given load and boundary conditions, or maximizing the first frequency of free vibration, or minimizing the maximum principal tensile stress. As a result, FGMs have gained potential applications in a wide variety of engineering components or systems, in‐ cluding armor plating, heat engine components and human implants. FGMs are now devel‐ oped for general use as structural components and especially to operate in environments with extremely high temperatures. Low thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal ex‐ pansion and core ductility have enabled the FGM materials to withstand higher temperature gradients for a given heat flux. Structures made of FGMs are often susceptible to failure from large deflections, or excessive stresses that are induced by large temperature gradients and/or mechanical loads. It is therefore of prime importance to account for the geometrically nonlinear deformation as well as the thermal environment effect to ensure more accurate and reliable structural analysis and design. The concept of developing smart structures has been extensively used for active control of flexible structures during the past decade [1-3]. In this regard, the use of axisymmetric pie‐ zoelectric actuators in the form of a disc or ring to produce motion in a circular or annular substrate plate is common in a wide range of applications including micro-pumps and mi‐ 2 Piezoelectric Materials and Devices- Practice and Applications cro-valves [4, 5], devices for generating and detecting sound [6] and implantable medical de‐ vices [7]. They may also be useful in other applications such as microwave micro-switches where it is important to control distortion due to intrinsic stresses [8]. Also in recent years, with the increasing use of smart material in vibration control of plate structures, the me‐ chanical response of FGM plates with surface-bonded piezoelectric layers has attracted some researchers’ attention. Since this area is relatively new, published literature on the free and forced vibration of FGM plates is limited and most are focused on the cases of the linear problem. Among those, a 3-D solution for rectangular FG plates coupled with a piezoelectric actuator layer was proposed by Reddy and Cheng [9] using transfer matrix and asymptotic expansion techniques. Wang and Noda [10] analyzed a smart FG composite structure com‐ posed of a layer of metal, a layer of piezoelectric and an FG layer in between, while He et al. [11] developed a finite element model for studying the shape and vibration control of FG plates integrated with piezoelectric sensors and actuators. Yang et al. [12] investigated the nonlinear thermo-electro-mechanical bending response of FG rectangular plates that are covered with monolithic piezoelectric actuator layers on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. More recently, Huang and Shen [13] investigated the dynamics of an FG plate coupled with two monolithic piezoelectric layers at its top and bottom surfaces undergoing nonlin‐ ear vibrations in thermal environments. In addition, finite element piezothermoelasticity analysis and the active control of FGM plates with integrated piezoelectric sensors and ac‐ tuators was studied by Liew et al. [14] and the temperature response of FGMs using a non‐ linear finite element method was studied by Zhai et al. [15]. All the aforementioned studies focused on the rectangular-shaped plate structures. To the authors’ best knowledge, no re‐ searches dealing with the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the circular functionally graded plate integrated with the piezoelectric layers have been reported in the literature ex‐ cept the author's recent works in presenting an analytical solution for the free axisymmetric linear vibration of piezoelectric coupled circular and annular FGM plates [16-20] and inves‐ tigating the applied control voltage effect on piezoelectrically actuated nonlinear FG circular plate [21] in which the thermal environment effects are not taken in to account. Consequently, a non-linear dynamics and vibration analysis is conducted on pre-stressed piezo-actuated FG circular plates in thermal environment. Nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived based on Kirchhoff’s-Love hypothesis with von-Karman type geometri‐ cal large nonlinear deformations. Dynamic equations and boundary conditions including thermal, elastic and piezoelectric couplings are formulated and solutions are derived. An ex‐ act series expansion method combined with perturbation approach is used to model the non-linear thermo-electro-mechanical vibration behavior of the structure. Numerical results for FG plates with various mixture of ceramic and metal are presented in dimensionless forms. A parametric study is also undertaken to highlight the effects of the thermal environ‐ ment, applied actuator voltage and material composition of FG core plate on the nonlinear vibration characteristics of the composite structure. The new features of the effect of thermal environment and applied actuator voltage on free vibration of FG plates and some meaning‐ ful results in this chapter are helpful for the application and the design of nuclear reactors, space planes and chemical plants, in which functionally graded plates act as basic elements.