PIETY AND DISSENT (cid:2) EEllrroodd..iinnddbb ii 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::3399 AAMM EEllrroodd..iinnddbb iiii 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::3399 AAMM ✝ PIETY AND DISSENT race, gender, and biblical rhetoric in early american autobiography (cid:2) Eileen Razzari Elrod University of Massachusetts Press amherst EEllrroodd..iinnddbb iiiiii 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::3399 AAMM Copyright © 2008 by University of Massachusetts Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America LC 2007022044 ISBN 978-1-55849-629-3 (paper); 628-6 (library cloth) Designed by Dennis Anderson Set in New Baskerville by BookComp, Inc. Printed and bound by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elrod, Eileen Razzari. Piety and dissent : race, gender, and biblical rhetoric in early American autobiography / Eileen Razzari Elrod. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-55849-628-6 (library cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-55849-629-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States—Church history. 2. Christian biography. 3. Church and minorities. 4. Social integration—Religious aspects—Christianity. 5. Race relations—Religious aspects—Christianity. 6. Sex role—Religious aspects—Christianity. I. Title. BR515.E47 2008 277.3092'2—dc22 2007022044 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data are available. EEllrroodd..iinnddbb iivv 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::4400 AAMM To Mary Heywood Razzari In Memory of John Serafi no Razzari EEllrroodd..iinnddbb vv 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::4400 AAMM EEllrroodd..iinnddbb vvii 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::4400 AAMM contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi 1 Margins and Centers, New and Old Narrations: Biblical Voices, Great Awakening Christianity, and American Autobiographical Traditions 1 2 “I Did Not Make Myself So . . .” : Samson Occom and American Religious Autobiography 21 3 John Marrant, John Smith, Jesus: Borders, Tangles, and Knots in Marrant’s 1785 Narrative 38 4 Moses and the Egyptian: Religious Authority in Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting Narrative 62 5 Gender, Christian Suffering, and the Minister’s Voice: Submission and Agency in Abigail Abbot Bailey’s Memoirs 85 6 Devotion and Dissent: Jarena Lee’s Rhetoric of Conversion and Call 117 7 Finding a Way in the Forest: The Religious Discourse of Race and Justice in the Autobiographies of William Apess 146 8 Religious Imperatives, Democratic Voices, and Autobiographical Preoccupations 171 Notes 187 Works Cited 201 Index 217 EEllrroodd..iinnddbb vviiii 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::4400 AAMM EEllrroodd..iinnddbb vviiiiii 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::4400 AAMM illustrations Samson Occom 26 Olaudah Equiano 69 Jarena Lee 121 William Apess 153 Phillis Wheatley 173 ix EEllrroodd..iinnddbb iixx 1122//66//22000077 1111::3377::4400 AAMM