Table Of Content

Phytoremediation for Green Energy Münir Öztürk Muhammad Ashraf ● Ahmet Aksoy Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad ● Editors Phytoremediation for Green Energy 1 3 Editors Münir Öztürk Ahmet Aksoy Ege University Department of Biology Center for Environmental Studies Faculty of Science Izmir Akdeniz University Turkey Antalya Turkey Faculty of Forestry University Putra Malaysia Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad Selangor Botany Department Malaysia Faculty of Sciences University of Agriculture Muhammad Ashraf Faisalabad NS University of Agricultural Sciences Pakistan Multan Pakistan ISBN 978-94-007-7886-3 ISBN 978-94-007-7887-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7887-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014946823 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 This work is subject to copyright. 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Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgement The editorial team is highly indebted to the Noble Laureates Prof. Dr. Yuvan T. Lee and Prof. Dr. Ferid Murad as well as Prof. Dr. Atta-ur- Rehman (FRS) for sparing their valuable time to join us. Some of the chapters included in this book were presented at the International Conference on “Plants and Pollutants” held at Erciyes University. The conference was sponsored by IDB (Islamic Development Bank), Rectorate of Erciyes Univer- sity (Rector Prof. Dr. Fahrettin Keleştemur), Provincial Grand Mayor Municipality of Kayseri (Mr. Mehmet Özhaseki), Trades Union of Kayseri (Mr. Hasan Ali Kilci) and Kayseri Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Forests-Turkey. The editors would like to extend their special thanks to all of them for their support. Our special thanks go to the Springer team in particular Ms. Megha Koriola for their patience and collaboration during the production of this book. v Contents 1 Energy, Environment and the Future of Mankind ................................. 1 Yuan Tseh Lee 2 Bio-fuels: A Blessing in Disguise ............................................................... 11 O. Surriya, Syeda Sarah Saleem, K. Waqar, A. Gul Kazi and M. Öztürk 3 Engineered Phyto-Covers as Natural Caps for Containment of Hazardous Mine and Municipal Solid Waste Dump Sites– Possible Energy Sources ............................................................................ 55 M. N. V. Prasad 4 Chromium and Nickel Phytotoxicity and Genotoxicity.......................... 69 Agáta Fargašová, Bernd Markert and Karol Mičieta 5 Physio-Anatomical Responses of Plants to Heavy Metals ...................... 79 Riffat Batool, Mansoor Hameed, Muhammad Ashraf, Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad and Sana Fatima 6 Integration of Different Bioindication Methods for Chemical Elements: The Multi-Markered-Bioindication-Concept (MMBC) ....... 97 Bernd Markert, Agáta Fargašová, Stefan Fraenzle and Simone Wuenschmann 7 Interaction Between Plants and Biosurfactant Producing Microorganisms in Petroleum Contaminated Absheron Soils ............... 115 Elmira Akhundova and Yamen Atakishiyeva 8 Phytoremediation of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil by Medicago sativa (Alfalfa) and the Effect of Oil on its Growth ............... 123 Saeed Minoui, Dariush Minai-Tehrani and Malak Hossein Shahriari vii viii Contents 9 Bioremediation of Petroleum Polluted Soils using Amaranthus retroflexus L. and its Rhizospheral Funji ........................... 131 Fariba Mohsenzadeh and Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad 10 Reciprocal Effects of Oil-contaminated Soil and Festuca (Tall fescue) ................................................................................................. 141 Dariush Minai-Tehrani, Saeed Minoui and Malak Hossein Shahriari 11 Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production via Biotechnology (Bio-H2) .... 149 Nuri Azbar 12 Evaluation of Senecio glaucus L. and its Root-Associated Fungi for Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Soils ........................... 175 Fariba Mohsenzadeh and Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad 13 Root and Shoot Peroxidase Activity in Festuca arundinacea in Light Oil-Contaminated Soil ................................................................ 185 Zahra Ghaffari, Sahar Shademan, Zahra Sobhani-Damavandifar and Dariush Minai-Tehrani Contributors Muhammad Sajid Aqeel Ahmad Botany Department, Faculty of Sciences, Uni- versity of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Elmira Akhundova Institute of Microbiology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Muhammad Ashraf NS University of Agricultural Sciences, Multan, Pakistan Yamen Atakishiyeva Institute of Microbiology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Nuri Azbar Bioengineering Department, Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey Riffat Batool Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abdolkarim Chehregani Rad Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Agáta Fargašová Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sci- ences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia Sana Fatima Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Stefan Fraenzle International Graduate School Zittau, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Research Group of Environmental Chemistry, Zittau, Germany Zahra Ghaffari Faculty of Biological Sciences, BioResearch Lab, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran A. Gul Kazi Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ix x Contributors Mansoor Hameed Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Yuan Tseh Lee Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan M. N. V. Prasad Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyder- abad, India Bernd Markert Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN-Institute), Haren, Germany Karol Mičieta Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius Uni- versity in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Dariush Minai-Tehrani BioResearch Lab, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Saeed Minoui Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti Uni- versity, Tehran, Iran Fariba Mohsenzadeh Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran M. Öztürk Ege University, Center for Environmental Studies, Izmir, Turkey Syeda Sarah Saleem Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Sahar Shademan Faculty of Biological Sciences, BioResearch Lab, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Malak Hossein Shahriari Persian Gulf University, Tehran, Iran Zahra Sobhani-Damavandifar Faculty of Biological Sciences, BioResearch Lab, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran O. Surriya Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan K. Waqar Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Simone Wuenschmann Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN- Institute), Haren, Germany Chapter 1 Energy, Environment and the Future of Mankind Yuan Tseh Lee Abstract Charles Darwin who was born 200 years ago did remind us that “It is not the strongest of the species that will survive, or the most intelligent; it is the one most adaptable to change.” If the environment changes faster than the time required for a given species to evolve, the likely result will be extinction. With the fast changing climate and rapidly deteriorating ecosystem today, human species, with a life cycle of 30–40 years, are not likely to evolve and adapt as quickly. Unless humans manage to slow down the change of environment, the fate of extinction might be inevitable. Keywords Energy crisis · Environmental degradation · Energy efficiency · Future of mankind 1 Recent Development of Human Society on Earth After the appearance of our ancestor on the heavily forested planet a couple of mil- lion years ago, the development of the human society as a whole, was in harmony with nature. Mankind was indeed a part of nature, reliant on the sun for the creation of most of what was needed to survive. Since the population of mankind was small, for a long period of time their limited activities seemed to have affected neither the biosphere nor their living environment to any great extent. The development of mankind took a new turn after the industrial revolution, which began about 250 years ago. As mankind learned to transform energy from one form to another—from chemical, thermal, electrical to mechanical—and in- vented various machines that could perform work thousands of times more power- fully, more precisely and more reliably than could be possibly done with human and animal labor, the productivity of mankind increased immensely and an unprec- edented improvement of living standards was achieved. The success of mankind on the surface of the earth had been quite remarkable. But, during this process, mankind became addicted to the use of a large amount of energy, and since the energy from biomass created by sunshine no longer satisfied our need, we began to Y. T. Lee () Noble Laurate, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan e-mail: [email protected] M. Öztürk et al. (eds.), Phytoremediation for Green Energy, 1 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7887-0_1, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015