Phytochemicals : health promotion and therapeutic potential

264 Pages·2013·6.27 MB·English

by  Colleen Carkeet

Phytochemicals
Health Promotion and
Therapeutic Potential

Phytochemicals
Health Promotion and
Therapeutic Potential
Edited by
Colleen Carkeet
Kerry Grann
R. Keith Randolph
Dawna Salter Venzon
Samantha M. Izzy
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20120627
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This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. James A. Joseph,
a coauthor of Chapter 10, who passed away during the writing
of the manuscript. Dr. Joseph was a particularly engaging
presenter at the conference in 2008, speaking on the mitigation of
oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling by berry and walnut
polyphenols. During his career, he contributed significantly to the
field, specifically in the area phytochemicals and neuroscience. His
research has increased our understanding of the diet’s impact on
cognitive aging and his promotion of the benefits of a diet rich in
color left a greater impact on the American consumer. Dr. Joseph
was a valued friend and colleague to many and, although he
is missed, the legacy of his work has left a lasting impact.

Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments...................................................................................................xiii
Editors.......................................................................................................................xv
Contributors.............................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Fruit,.Vegetables,.and.Phytochemicals.in.Human.Health.and.Disease.....1
Dawna Salter Venzon and Samantha M. Izzy
Chapter 2 Wine.and.Cancer.................................................................................21
Susan E. Ebeler
Chapter 3 Anthocyanins.and.Heart.Disease........................................................39
Janet A. Novotny
Chapter 4 Multidisciplinary.Studies.of.Anti-Inflammatory.Botanicals:.
Ginger.and.Turmeric...........................................................................47
Barbara N. Timmermann and Janet L. Funk
Chapter 5 Novel.Approach.for.Screening.Natural.Plant.Ingredients.
for Development.of.Nutraceutical.Bone.Health.Supplements.............73
David Fast, Amitabh Chandra, Yumei Lin, Mary A. Murray,
and Kevin Gellenbeck
Chapter 6 Comprehensive.Strategies.for.Evaluating.the.Adaptogenic.
Properties.of.Phytochemicals..............................................................95
Mary Ann Lila and Diana Cheng
Chapter 7 Prevention.of.Obesity,.Diabetes,.and.Cancer.with.Lifestyle.
Intervention.Strategies.......................................................................113
Jacob J. Junco and Thomas J. Slaga
Chapter 8 Alterations.in.the.Adiposity.and.Dyslipidemia.of.Obesity.
by Berries.and.Berry.Phytochemicals...............................................153
Ronald L. Prior
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 9 Literature.Review.on.the.Ergogenic.Effects.of.Quercetin................165
Alyson Mitchell, Jihyun Lee, and Valeria Acquarone
Chapter 10 Berry.Fruit.and.Nuts:.Their.Role.in.Reducing.Oxidative.Stress.
and.Inflammation.in.the.Aging.Brain...............................................181
Marshall G. Miller, Barbara Shukitt-Hale, and James A. Joseph
Chapter 11 Brahmi:.Traditional.Botanical.Medicine.for.Cognitive.Decline......205
Carlo Calabrese and Amala Soumyanath
Chapter 12 Bioavailability.of.Dietary.Carotenoids.in.Humans:.A.Review.
of Results.from.Studies.with.Momordica cochinchinensis.
Spreng.(Redmelon™).and.of.14C-Tracer.Studies.Using.
Accelerator.Mass.Spectrometry........................................................227
Le Thuy Vuong
Preface
This.book.is.the.seventh.in.a.series.that.represents.the.emerging.science.with.respect.
to.plant-based.chemicals..Phytochemical.research.continues.to.expand.tremendously.
as.advancing.technology.allows.for.greater.identification.and.characterization.of.
these.chemicals..While.promising.scientific.advancements.have.been.made.in.this.
field,.numerous.areas.of.opportunity.still.exist,.surrounding.topics.such.as.bioavail-
ability,.efficacy,.genomics,.and.synergistic.mechanisms..The.preceding.volumes.of.
this.book,.comprising.of.Phytochemicals: A New Paradigm.(1998),.Phytochemicals
as Bioactive Agents. (2000),. Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health. (2002),.
Phytochemicals: Mechanisms of Action.(2004),.Phytochemicals: Nutrient–Gene
Interactions.(2006),.and.Phytochemicals: Aging and Health.(2008),.discuss.the.
foundation.and.influential.factors.behind.phytochemical.research.over.the.past.few.
decades.
Increasing.knowledge.around.the.various.protective.effects.of.phytochemicals.
has.sparked.a.vast.interest.in.further.understanding.their.highly.complex.biologi-
cal.mechanisms..Alongside.the.efforts.to.refine.our.knowledge,.additional.frame-
work.has.been.established.as.more.discoveries.are.being.made.and.technology.
becomes.more.sophisticated..Furthermore,.fundamental.phytochemical.research.is.
being.expanded.in.an.effort.to.find.opportunities.for.clinical.benefits.and.lifestyle.
recommendations..This.current.book.in.the.series.evolved.from.papers.delivered.
at.the.Seventh.International.Phytochemical.Conference,.“Phytochemicals:.Health.
Promotion.and.Therapeutic.Potential,”.held.in.October.2008.on.the.Nutrilite.Health.
Institute.campus.in.Buena.Park,.California..This.conference.was.a.collaborative.
effort.with.the.Department.of.Human.Nutrition.and.Food.Science.at.California.State.
Polytechnic.University,.Pomona,.and.included.presentations.from.leading.scientists.
in.the.areas.of.phytochemicals.with.the.following.associations:.bone.and.joint.health,.
brain.health,.obesity.and.metabolism,.skin.health,.and.chronic.disease.prevention..
Presenters.later.contributed.chapters.for.this.compilation.along.with.additional.
invited.authors.whose.research.focuses.on.the.biological.activities.and.clinical.out-
comes.associated.with.phytochemical.consumption.
As.an.introduction,.Chapter.1.describes.some.of.the.major.research.that.contrib-
uted.to.the.widespread.interest.in.phytochemicals.and.health.promotion..Venzon.
and.Izzy.detail.a.wide.variety.of.epidemiological.studies.investigating.the.inverse.
relationship.between.plant-based.diets.and.incidence.of.age-related.chronic.diseases,.
including.cardiovascular.disease.and.cancer..This.notion.is.fundamentally.supported.
by.very.large.and.influential.population.studies.presented.over.the.last.decade..
Undoubtedly,.an.abundance.of.evidence.exists.supporting.the.notion.that.fruit.and.
vegetable.intake.is.highly.correlated.with.a.variety.of.health.benefits,.and.there.is.
evidence.that.some.of.the.benefit.is.related.to.the.phytochemicals.present.in.plants..
Venzon.and.Izzy.illustrate.the.characterization.and.biological.activity.of.a.number.of.
these.phytochemicals.with.regard.to.health.promotion.and.disease.prevention.
ix
x Preface
Chapters.2.and.3.are.based.on.the.variety.of.evidence.surrounding.a.specific.class.
of.phytochemicals.called.polyphenols..In.Chapter.2,.Ebeler.discusses.polyphenols.
with.respect.to.the.health.benefits.associated.with.red.wine..Though.controversial,.
data.have.demonstrated.that.moderate.wine.consumption.can.have.protective.effects.
against.cancer,.prompting.the.question.of.whether.these.benefits.are.seen.with.alco-
hol.consumption,.in.general,.or.only.with.specific.types.of.alcohols..Ebeler.describes.
a.multitude.of.evidence.pointing.to.the.nonalcoholic.constituents.of.wine.as.the.basis.
of.these.protective.outcomes..A.variety.of.phenolic.compounds,.in.this.case.origi-
nating.from.grapes,.lend.powerful.antioxidant.activity.to.the.body..Research.has.
demonstrated.that.these.strong.antioxidant.properties.contribute.to.critical.biological.
activities.as.highlighted.in.this.chapter,.with.DNA.protection.and,.ultimately,.can-
cer.protection.being.the.main.point.of.emphasis..Ebeler.further.discusses.points.of.
controversy.around.the.topic.as.well.as.various.in vitro.and.in vivo.studies.that.lead.
to.the.progression.of.our.existing.knowledge..A.specific.subcategory.of.polyphe-
nols,.anthocyanins,.is.the.subject.of.Chapter.3..Interest.in.anthocyanins,.a.class.of.
flavonoids.contributing.to.many.of.the.red,.blue,.and.purple.hues.seen.in.plants,.is.
exponentially.growing,.particularly.for.their.effects.against.cardiovascular.disease..
In.this.chapter,.Novotny.describes.epidemiological.studies.investigating.the.rela-
tionship.between.anthocyanins.and.cardiovascular.disease.that.have.yielded.some.
inconsistent.findings..However,.she.discusses.several.lines.of.research.that.clearly.
depict.a.cardioprotective.benefit.with.anthocyanin.intake..These.phytochemicals.can.
serve.numerous.roles.related.to.heart.health,.including.improvements.of.inflamma-
tory.markers.and.blood.lipid.levels..The.evidence.discussed.throughout.this.chapter.
continues.to.shed.light.on.the.importance.of.adding.a.variety.of.phytochemical-rich.
plants.into.the.diet.
Timmermann.and.Funk.detail.the.increasing.recognition.of.the.health.benefits.
of.naturally.occurring.plant.components.in.Chapter.4..This.growing.passion.is.
manifesting.around.the.globe.as.complementary.and.alternative.medicine.(CAM).
and.is.becoming.highly.esteemed..Natural.remedies.and.herbal.products.are.par-
ticularly.sought.after,.thus.stimulating.a.vast.interest.in.advancing.the.science.in.
the.field..Areas.of.particular.interest.are.centered.on.broadening.the.range.of.natu-
ral.therapies,.optimizing.bioavailability,.safety,.and.efficacy,.and.refining.meth-
odologies.for.chemical.characterization..Timmermann.and.Funk.focus.on.ginger.
and.turmeric,.as.these.compounds.offer.unique.medicinal.properties.related.to.
inflammation,.ulcers,.and.cancer.among.others..These.phytochemicals.also.pose.
challenges.in.isolation.and.standardization.of.their.bioactive.components..The.
authors.depict.methods.of.chemical.analysis.that.have.shown.potential.in.address-
ing.these.challenges.and.offer.insight.on.their.biosynthesis.and.potential.as.anti-
inflammatory.agents.
Chapter.5.outlines.a.recent.study.that.has.shifted.phytochemical.research.toward.a.
distinctive.and.unique.application..This.study.summarizes.a.novel.approach.for.iden-
tifying.plant-based.ingredients.that.have.the.potential.to.maintain.bone.health..Two.
specific.mechanisms.have.been.targeted.with.this.approach—bone.anti-resorptive.
(AR).and.bone.formation.(BF)..Fast,.Chandra,.Lin,.Murray,.and.Gellenbeck.reveal.
their.extensive.efforts.in.characterizing.phytochemicals.that.can.target.these.func-
tions.via.associated.in vitro.bioassay.models..Through.this.development,.the authors.