Phytochemical Effects of Environmental Compounds PDF
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recent advances in phytochemistry voloDle 21 Phytochemical Effects of Environmental Compounds RECENT ADVANCES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of North America General Editor: Eric E. Conn, University of California, Davis, California Recent Volumes In the Series Volume 13 Topics In the Biochemistry of Natural Products Proceedings of the First Joint Meeting of the American SoCiety of Pharmacognosy and the Phytochemical Society of North America, Stillwater, Oklahoma, August, 1978 Volume 14 The Resource Potential In Phytochemistry Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Dekalb, illinOiS, August, 1979 Volume 15 The Phytochemistry of Cell Recognition and Cell Surface Interactions Proceedings of the First Joint Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America and the American Society of Plant PhYSiologists, Pullman, Washington, August, 1980 Volume 16 Cellular and Subcellular Localization In Plant Metabolism Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Ithaca, New York, August, 1981 Volume 17 Mobilization of Reserves in Germination Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, August, 1982 Volume 18 Phytochemical Adaptations to Stress Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Tucson, Arizona, July, 1983 Volume 19 Chemically Mediated Interactions between Plants and Other Organisms Proceedings of the Twenty.fourth Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Boston, Massachusetts, July, 1984 Volume 20 The Shikimic Acid Pathway Proceedings of the Twenty.fifth Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, Pacific Grove, California, June, 1985 Volume 21 The Phytochemical Effects of Environmental Compounds Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meetfng of the Phytochemical Society of North America, College Park, Maryland, July, 1986 A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further Information please contact the publisher. recent advances in phytochemistry volume 21 Phytochemical Effects of Environmental Compounds Edited by James A. Saunders and Lynn Kosak-Channing Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville, Maryland and Eric E. Conn University of California, Davis Davis, California PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Ubrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Phytochemical Society of North America. Meeting (26th: 1986: College Park, Md.) Phytochemical effects of environmental compounds. (Recent advances in phytochemistry; v. 21) "Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, held July 13-17, 1986, in College Park, Maryland"-Verso of t.p. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Plants, Effect of pollution on-Congresses. 2. Plants, Effect of chemicals on Congresses. 3. Botanical chemistry-Congresses. 4. Environmental chemistry-Congresses. I. Saunders, James A. II. Kosak-Channing, Lynn. III. Conn, Eric E. IV. Title. V. Series. OK861.R38 vol. 21 581.19'2s 87-18659 [OK750) [581.2'4) ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9073-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-1931-3 001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1931-3 Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America, held July 13-17,1986, in College Park, Maryland © 1987 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1987 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted In any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE The influence of compounds in the environment on the chemistry of plants is a topic which has economic and scientific implications of global importance. Selected presentations in this symposium covered several topics within this immense field, inclusive of air, soil, and aquatic sources of the compounds. As demonstrated in Chapter 4 by O'Keeffe et al. we have not restricted the discussion solely to negative aspects of anthropogenic compounds. Nor could we begin to cover comprehensively all major classes of environmental compounds in the air, soil or water that may have an effect on the phytochemistry of plants. Our intent was to focus on some of the timely and well publicized environmental constituents such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, acid rain, and others, to provide an authoritative publication specifically related to environ mental modifications of plant chemistry. The concept of this symposium originated with the Executive Committee of the Phytochemical Society of North America in 1983. It was brought to fruition during July 13-17, 1986 on the campus of the University of Maryland at the annual meeting of the PSNA through the efforts of the Symposium Committee composed of James A. Saunders and Lynn Kosak-Channing. Financial support for this meeting was provided by the Phytochemical Society of North America, as well as by generous contributions from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Organizing Committee, consisting of J.A. Saunders (Chair), J.M. Gillespie, L. Kosak-Channing, E.H. Lee, J.P. Mack, B.F. Matthews, M.M. Millard and G. Wolfhard, is indebted to the University of Maryland for hosting this meeting. James A. Saunders Lynn Kosak-Channing Eric E. Conn April, 1987 v CONTENTS 1. Sulfur Dioxide and Chloroplast Metabolism 1 Ruth A1scher, Michael Franz and C.W. Jeske 2. The Biochemistry of Ozone Attack on the Plasma Membrane of Plant Cells 29 Robert L. Heath 3. Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Stress . . . . on Growth and Carbon Allocation in Plants • 55 Joseph E. Miller 4. Uptake and Metabolism of Phenolic Compounds by the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) 101 David H. O'Keeffe, Thomas E. Wiese, Shauna R. Brummet and Todd W. Miller 5. Control of Trace Element Toxicity by . . . . . . . . . . . . Phytoplankton • 131 James G. Sanders and Gerhardt F. Riedel 6. Plant and Bacterial Cytochromes P-450: Involvement in Herbicide Metabolism • • 151 Daniel P. O'Keefe, James A. Romesser and Kenneth J. Leto 7. PCBs in the Atmosphere and Their Accumulation in Foliage and Crops • • . • . • • • . • • • 175 Edward H. Buckley 8. Chemical Interactions of Acidic Precipitation and Terrestrial Vegetation • • • • • . . 203 Lance S. Evans 9. Bioavai1abi1ity of Heavy Metals in Sludge-Amended Soils Ten Years After Treatment 235 Charles L. Mu1chi, Paul F. Bell, Charles Adamu and Joseph R. Heckman viii CONTENTS Index . 261 Chapter One SULFUR DIOXIDE AND CHLOROPLAST METABOLISM RUTH ALSCHER, MICHAEL FRANZ AND C. W. JESKE Boyce Thompson Institute Tower Road Ithaca, New York 14853 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on Chloroplast Metabolism 2 Thylakoid function - a site of sulfur dioxide action associated with Photosystem II • • • • 2 Sulfur Dioxide and Photophosphorylation 4 Ranking Chloroplast Functions for Sulfite Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sulfur dioxide and stromal enzymes • • • • 6 The Metabolic Fate of Sulfite of Exogenous Origin 9 Active Oxygen and Sulfur Dioxide Toxicity 13 The metabolism of superoxide anion in the chloroplast •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 Superoxide and related species: mechanism of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Oxygen Toxicity and Sulfur Dioxide: Protective Mechanisms •••• • • • • 18 The induction of superoxide dismutase by exposure to sulfur dioxide • • • • • • 18 The role of glutathione and ascorbate 20 Conclusion 21 INTRODUCTION The study of metabolic interactions between SOz and plants is a complex one due to the dual role of sulfur as a toxic element (as SOz) and as an essential nutrient in plant metabolism. Plant cells possess pathways for sulfur assimilation and a pathway for the removal of excess sulfur from the plant.1,z The toxic effects of S02 can be described as "abnormal" or pathological events which occur when the plant/cell/organelle is "overloaded" with reactive 2 RUTH ALSCHER ET AL. (oxidizing) sulfur species of exogenous origin which exert their damaging influence before they can be metabolized and/or detoxified. An alternative and equally important description would involve the "normal" processes which are adversely affected by the sulfur species. Lastly, but not least, metabolic responses to S02 damage can usefully be approached through a study of the mechanisms which confer resistance to the toxic species on the plant/cell/organelle. In order to understand the processes through which the plant cell is damaged by sulfur species, three distinctly different types of information must be gathered. First, the pathology of S02 damage must be understood and its possible relationship to the metabolic fate of sulfur of exogenous origin determined. Secondly, the pathways, processes, and molecules whose functioning is altered by the presence of sulfur species must be identified. Comparisons of the relative suscepti bilities of these various functions in closely related species or cu1tivars must be included in order to "rank" the functions in terms of their potential contribution to the responses of the whole plant or cell to 802. Thirdly, data must be accumulated which relate metabolic resistance mechanisms to differential suscepti bilities of cultivars or species to S02. The purpose of this essay is to assemble a picture of what is known concerning the events associated with the interaction of S02 with photosynthetic tissue or cells. To do this, the various types of data listed above must be integrated and evaluated as an interacting system. EFFECTS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE ON CHLOROPLAST METABOLISM Thy1akoid Function - A Site of Sulfur Dioxide Action Associated with Photosystem II (PS II) The data of Shimazaki and Sugahara, 1979, 19803,~ and Shimazaki et a1., 19845 suggest a site of S02 action associated-With Photosystem II. They determined the SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND CHLOROPLAST METABOLISM 3 effects of exposure to S02 at a high level (1 or 2 ppm) on the electron-transport capacities of thylakoids isolated from the leaves of intact lettuce and spinach plants. Whole-chain electron-transport (water to NADP+) was affected by this treatment. The site of action was further identi fied by the use of dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP) as an electron acceptor in place of NADP+, indicating an association with P8 II. The time course of this inhibition showed that exposure to 2 ppm results in a more rapid inhibition (60% after 5 hours) as compared with 1 ppm (20% inhibition after 6 hours). Photophosphorylation was also affected by this type of exposure. Leaves of plants which had been subjected to the exposure regime showed decreased photosynthesis 24 hours after they had been removed from the polluted environment indicating irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. It appears that the inhibitory effect of 802 is exerted only in the light. since sodium sulfite treatment (2.5 roM) of spinach disks in the dark had no effect on subsequent rates of PS II electron transport while rates from disks illuminated during the sulfite exposure dropped to less than 10% of control values. Low temperature fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoids isolated from the treated disks provided further evidence for a site of injury associated with PS II. The results of Libera et al. (1973)6 and those of Cerovic et al. (1982)7 provide-a context in which to evaluate~he-results of the 8ugahara group and ultimately to assess their relevance to overall effects of 802 in the atmosphere on the photosynthetic process. Libera et al. demonstrated that exposure of spinach chloroplasts~o- sulfite concentrations up to 3 roM resulted in stimulation of linear. ADP-stimulated electron transport. Stimulation was as high as 40% at the 1 roM level under their conditions. Using the known inhibition of P8 II activity by Tris buffer as a probe, they demonstrated that sulfite at and below 1 roM was acting as an electron donor to PS II, since addition of sulfite resulted in restoration of electron transport activities previously impaired by exposure to Tris. Thus, it appears that 802/sulfite interacts with PS II but the nature of the interaction is concentration dependent.
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